ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM & SKILLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

congeal LEGAL SYSTEM & SKILLS - Essay ExampleThe initial cubic yard of appeal by the appellant was that he was denied his right to legal representation1 by the school board which amounted to gross impingement of his rights under the European convening on human Rights that among other rights provide for a right to a legal representation2. Legal issues upon which Gs case was heard at first instance The legal issue to be be at first instance was whether there was any form of sexual contact between the claimant and the boy. They had to ensnare whether there was any form of improper contact that would attract disciplinary action against the claimant. On instauration of a disciplinary action, a report would be forwarded to the Secretary of State to consider any rising employment of the claimant especially in any employment position that would put him in any resistant of contact with school going children. The panel should consider whether the actions constitute an abuse of trust of his implicit position in the school and consequently constituting gross misconduct. Legal issues identified in the appeal in the imperious Court One of the legal issues that were identified by the Supreme Court was whether the claimants rights had been violated at the hearing in the first instance. It has to consider whether the denial of the claimants legal representation amounted to a violation of his rights. The claimant had been denied representation by his counsel in the hearings at the tribunal. In circumstance the tribunal went ahead to stain a ending having denied her this right. In any case involving the determination of a persons courteous rights as well as obligations of any criminal charge against him, he is entitled to a open and fair hearing that should be conducted within a reasonable time by an impartial and self-reliant tribunal that has been established by right. A nonher principle issue for determination is the question on find out the kind of society that is required to exist between the proceedings in A that do not determine civil rights and obligation and proceedings B which determined civil rights and obligation. The court has to determine whether the connection is strong enough to determine the proceedings outcome. Another issue for determination was whether the proceeding by ISA which went ahead to include his name in the children barred list would violate his rights under oblige 6 (1). Another issue for the Supreme Court to determine was what statutory regulation to apply. Regulation 4 of 2003 regulations could not apply in a case where the secretary had not invited representations by 20th January 2009. The Ratio decidendi in the case An appeal can be made to the Supreme Court only on the grounds that the ISA has erred on a point of law or erred in a finding of a fact that it has made and the decision was based on that finding of fact. The decision on whether it was in order for an soul to be included in a barred list is not a question of law or fact as per section 4(3). The court decided this case based on the decision in Austrian case3 that held that it must be shown that the dispute relates to civil rights and obligations. Relevance of Article 6 (1) of the European Convention to this case This Article safeguards a persons right to a fair trial. The article in criminal cases as well as in civil cases safeguards the right to a

Strategy to recommend to improve sales and increase Old Navy's Essay

Strategy to recommend to improve sales and increase Old Navys Customer base - leaven ExampleSending postcards to all customers who have purchased something from the store during the past 14 months. Issuing of gift checks for their allegiant customers. Offering for privilege cards is also enhancing. By Putting up additional promos or make up big promos that draws people to the store or even smaller , inexpensive, more-off beat avenues - and then do it consistently is also effective. According to a website A common failing among those who favor the big bonanza promotion, is that they all dont advertise enough or plan carefully enough in advance. So if the company wish to hold a big promotion, you have to think big, and commit accordingly. Other company proved this in truth effectively. Another is impose a deadline. Its often necessary to put urgency into companys ads, or any selling messages. Whether the prices are going in low low prices or be given a actually big discount you need to have a deadline or incentive and motivate people to rejoinder action now. For instance, this coming summer. Summer accessories are in for people who are planning to take their summer on the beach. Promos for summer accessories will be given an extra promotions, like giving big discounts on them.

Advanced Practice Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advanced Practice Nursing - Assignment ExampleA nurse is an individualistic who has the ethical obligation to do good for their patient role at all times (non-malevolence). Assisting a soulfulness to end his or her life is not considered a good deed by society as it amounts to either murder or manslaughter (Berghs, Dierckx de Casterle and Gastmans, 2004) in spite of the advanced practice nurse has seen the suffering of the patient and diagnosis indicates that nothing can be done and the pain and suffering will only continue. enduring confidentiality also refutes the nurse from informing others including the family members about the decision by the patient to end their life by being assisted by a physician. The issue therefore weighs down the nurse and the guilt is plane worse and especially for those who believe that the moral and legal aspect of it overrides the nursing ethics of acting fit in to the patients orders and making the patient happy and comfortable at all times (Dier ckx de Casterle, Verpoot, De Bal and Gastmans, 2006).Berghs, M., Dierckx de Casterle, B. and Gastmans, C. (2004). The complexness of nurses attitudes toward euthanasia a review of the literature. Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 31, pp. 441-446.Dierckx de Casterle, B., Verpoot, C., De Bal, N. and Gastmans, C. (2006). Nurses views on their involvement in euthanasia a qualitative study in Flanders (Belgium). Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 32 (4), pp.

Data Communication Using the Top-Down Approach Essay - 2

Data dialogue Using the Top-Down Approach - Essay ExampleAccording to Hicks (2004), this the top down emphasizes on proviso as well as a total understanding of the system and in this case mark does not begin until a sufficient level of detail has been attained. This design was promoted by Harlan Mils who was an IBM researcher and Niklaus Wirth in the 1970s. righteousness first a mortgage brokerage company located in New England has a centralized operations center. This center which is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, is the center of all(a) operations and it, therefore, controls all the operations of the other ten branches in Maine and Massachusetts. It is also the administrative center as it hosts departments such as accounting, human resources, executive management, and support staff. The operations center maintains a central database used to store node information, such as loan applications, credit check information, and approval status. This fulfills the first requirement t hat the top-down modeling needs to have a central exponent that manages all the operations.Computer networking using the top-down blast focuses on new short interlude and eventual putting it all together that follows the coverage of the network, data link layers, transport awe well as application (Hicks 2004). Each office at Equity first is now self-reliant as they do not rely on the main office to ensure maintenance as well as effective communication. It is also responsible for the decrease in errors when it comes to operations hence no delays or breaks downs in communication takes govern because each operation takes place separately. It is also quite easy to maintain because the errors are few and are easy to identify and correct.

Journal 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal 10 - Essay ExampleHowever, Berniece had her reasons for opposing this sale, as the cushy is the yet piece of heirloom, which they both inherited. Piano was close to her heart because her great grandparents engraved their history on it, they were traded for it and overly their father died over it (74-75, Bogumil). She declines go outies idea to sell it because forte-piano was a proctor of their ancestors and especially of their father. And interchange it would mean they would be selling their identity and heritage this time by them self-importance.Wilson weaved death and suffering with the piano and the siblings inherited both. Piano reminded them of their loss and deficient identity, but also was the only heirloom (though painful) left of the family. Boy Willie and Bernieces great grandparents (slaves) engraved their history on it, but since it was not their property (Sutters) they were traded over it. Their father died subsequently taking it from Sutters residence an d piano was the last thing Berniece could relate to. However, she never played on it since it used to make her sad and Willie wanted to sell this heritage because it existed on the life (sacrifice) of his family and has been a reminder of slavery. Wilson has depicted music worth dying for and this is evident in the play.I would give care to hire Will Smith as Boy Willie and Halle Berry as Berniece because both actors can convincingly transform them self into the assigned characters and can do justice with their characters. If its a theatrical play I would like to transform the stage into 1930 era, when the transition (from slavery to a free nation) was taking place for African Americans. My characters give dress up according to the 1930s dressing criteria and the Piano will be staged in the front corner so its existence can be noticed.From time to time, I would like the piano to be played by the good

The Invention of E Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Invention of E Commerce - Essay ExampleIn order to understand the success of e-commerce, it would be necessary to tinct to the terms and the causes of the specific invention. Reference should be also made to its characteristics, meaning especially its advantages and disadvantages. In this way, it would be easy to understand whether the invention of e-commerce has actually benefited entrepreneurs worldwide.Different views have been developed in the literature in regard to the nature and the role of e-commerce. Still, all these views have a common characteristic they all try on the value of e-commerce as a tool for promoting online sales. For example, Basu (2007) notes that e-commerce is a term used for describing commercial proceedings which take place in or over electronic networks (Basu, 2007, p. 15). Pinto (2003) refers to the definition of e-commerce as developed by the Australian Taxation Office. According to the above definition, e-commerce refers to the buying and sellin g goods on the Internet (Pinto, 2003, p. 2). On the former(a) hand, it has been stated that e-commerce is the process of sharing business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions through telecommunication networks (Sun & Finnie, 2004, p. 47). In other words, e-commerce does not focus on sales but it can incorporates a wide scarper of business activities, as described above. This means also that e-commerce is not affected solely by the stinting conditions of each market but also by the local social and political conditions, as related to to commerce and trade. For example, a law introducing restrictions to the exchange of business information can negatively affect e-commerce, as used by the businesses in a particular state.The history of E-commerce is closely related to the history of the Internet. In fact, it was because of Internet that the development of E-commerce has become feasible (Schmid,

Managing Human Resource in Health and Social Care Essay

Managing Human Resource in Health and Social Care - Essay ExampleCurrent set outes in human resources suggest a number of weaknesses a hasty, stop-gap attitude towards problems of human resources dispersion of accountability within human resources management (HRM) a limited notion of personnel administration that fails to include all aspects of HRM and finally the short-term outlook of HRM (Dussault & Dubois, 2004, p.iii). surgical operation monitoring and promoting Performance should be monitored in the health and friendly care system, as they are submissive in stimulating, creating and maintaining health and social care improvement. Around the world, rapidly changing landscape between groovy and chronic diseases is placing various demands on the health and social care workforce. To provide effective health and social care for chronic conditions, the skills of the health care professional harbour to be extended along with the alive virtuosos, to fulfill the new complicated si tuations. First, the workforce must adopt a patient-centric approach. Second, service providers need the requirement communication expertise, which should enable them to cooperate with other providers and patients. Third, the workforce must equip with expertise to ensure that the credentials and quality of patient care is continuously improved. Fourth, the workforce needs expertises that assist them in checking patients across duration and using and sharing information through available technology. Finally, the workforce must develop broadest perspective to lease patients care and providers role (WHO, 2005, pp.11-12). Methods of Monitoring Performance Management by walking around Getting out of your office and being physically present on a regular basis is an important place to start. One will gain a great whiz of whats going onas well as a first-hand feel for what is not unsounded or what needs to better communicate. Managers of a health and social care unit should take ad-ho c approach in this case. They sewer visit and revisit same premises during change of shifts of nursing staffs with special emphasis on the ICU after a critical surgery to check the activities of nursing and other staffs. Visits or walking around monitoring without any prior notice is very important in a health care set up where work division is very important. Visiting the reception at least thrice a day by the management personnel is very important because that is where the patients jerk off the first impression about the care they would get within the unit. 360-degree assessment It involves polling various people who have contact with a particular employee, to get an idea about the employees performance. The employee also is polled regarding his or her accept performance, with those results then compared to the feedback collected from others. People involved respond to speci?c questions on a feedback form. One can either make up your own form or purchase a generic one develope d for use within your business area (Dorio and Shelly, 2011, pp.61-64). The required staff should to be evaluated occasionally (in sise months or annually) by many evaluators including his boss, direct subordinates, equals, internal clientele and external clientele. In a infirmary doctors can provide feedback about nurses and vice versa. And it is quite possible about feedback among intra-nurses or intra-doctors can be used for performance monitoring purposes. Identifying training and development needs- Assessment for

Media system, communication ethics and society Assignment

Media system, communication ethical motive and society - Assignment ExampleFor the past 40 years, the development of media has highly been influenced by the authoritarian policies regimes where the media has been controlled precise finely by the strict laws and regulations imposed by the government. It has been very cleverly used by their governments as a tool to publicize their own social, cultural and economic programs. In Saudi Arabia, till 1990s most of the television channels were government owned but with time, private channels also entered in the market and introduced by more professional and independent approach to media management. Al-Jazeera, Al-Manar, Al-Arabiya are few of the pioneers in broadcast television industry.The history and trends of the Saudi Arab region and other Arabian countries has never let them deviate from their cores and grow thus they also avoided adoption of westernization in their media system like rest of the countries. However, the historical dom inance of governmental system has been the primary force in shaping the media structure in most of its parts. The history in Arab has largely been influenced by political system that shaped the media

Science tells us the truth about reality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science tells us the honor rough reality - Es secernate fountThe results will therefore explain real behavior of the studied objects and communicate the equity that is observed. Scientific education can also be gathered from multitudes opinions and perceptions on reality. Information that is developed from these approaches represents truth because they rely on peoples experiences or rationale from observations. Collecting data on peoples experiences, for example, develops education from peoples real life experiences. It therefore communicates the truth to the extent that the blood line narrated the truth. Other methods for developing scientific information such as making direct observation or analyzing secondary sources of information also support the position that science tells the truth about nature. This is because the methods atomic number 18 right and consistent (Cottrell and McKenzie 194- 196, 230- 234). These mean that science found information is derived from real life experiences and is therefore reflective of the truth about the reality that develops it.There are however arguments that science does not tell the truth about nature. The fact that some theories are not developed from actual data core that the theories cannot be turn out using real life issues. The theories may therefore lack accuracy and consistency in what they say about reality. Inaccuracy of what science says in the theories may mean that science is not saying the truth. Scientific information may also be true in one area but it may be false in another area because of inconsistency (Cottrell and McKenzie 13). Existence of factors and happenings that science cannot explain also means that science may not be telling us the truth about reality. Logics and mathematical positions are examples of truths that science does not explain. Science only offers assumptions on the positions. Many other scientific positions are based on assumptions that cannot be

Module - Human Resource Mgt in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Module - Human Resource Mgt in Aviation - essay ExampleBut this approach ignores other accompanimentors that forge the behaviour of workers such as design and transcription of work and employee relations.The second approach attaches great importance to the factors, actions and decisions affecting the organization-employee relationship and tries to satisfy all the stakeholders (management, shareholders, society, etc.). To get hold of this it is necessary to develop the following basic policies benevolent resource flow, reward systems that satisfy all employees, influence the employees to take responsibility and efficient working systems.In WBSM approach it is necessary to take into account both the increasing complexity of the environment and the need to define the role of the Human Resources department due to the fact that the line managers get involved in the actual actions of the HRM department.Ultimately, the new trend is to link the personnel policies with the semipolitica l objectives of the company, and to deal with the impact of strategic decisions in the administration of human resources and not simply to deal with running(a) problems. At the same time, the executives motivate and encourage so as everybody will dedicate themselves to the company and its objectives. A feature of the new trend is also the shift of the negotiation of union workers from the national level at the enterprise level and indeed the trend is, to each one worker to be treated separately in terms of working conditions and not en masse, as was common until recently.THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES FUNCTIONIt was inform earlier that the environment in which businesses operate is highly competitive and a business in rewrite to survive must respond to new data. (globalization, new technologies, continuous effort to innovate, the collapse of economic borders, etc.). For businesses today, human resources can play a key role and create a sustainable competitive advantage for t he them, provided the new strategy of Human Resource Management is based on the flexibility of working conditions, videlicet the ability of workers to take up and carry out a wide range of responsibilities (operational flexibility) the possibility of divers(prenominal) contract types (numerical flexibility), flexibility in working hours, and remuneration based on individual performance and skills of each employee (flexible payment). Naturally, the Human Resources Management follows a specific strategy having certain goals. The primary goal is to improve productivity through the solution of personnel problems, cooperation with executives and participation of them. In parallel, an effort to improve the quality of the workplace takes place, HRM ensures the starchy complies with all conditions of the requirements of the legislative framework, and special importance is given to the efficient use of employees in order to arrive at sustainable competitive advantage. The aim therefore is to provide flexible personnel that can and will rescue

Othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Othello - Essay ExampleOthello totally believes in the concept of love with full-of-the-moon commitment and nobility. He believes in the absolutes. lago subscribes to no particular thought and believes least in human beings. The retains popularity can also be traced to its modern nature. At the core of intrigue is the very identification that the play is matter of a private life affair than the other great tragedies. This impression is support in a number of ways. Othello is a depiction of modern life as the drama depicts present-day(a) life. The characters appear very close to the readers than in Hamlet or Lear. Many people will stimulate that Othello employs a maven of beauty that is not available in most plays of the time.Of Shakespeares plays, Othello stands out in one important respect beauty. The play employs much steady rhythm, peculiar phrase and a awareness of serious imagination which blend together to create a lucid and clear feeling in the mind of the reader. Indeed , this beauty is only evidenced in two other plays i.e. Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra. However, Othello has another form of beauty. nevertheless for the brief trivial section of the clown, everything is much attached to the central issue and nothing requires any self-coloured justification. At best, the drama has a dense of intellectual beauty which fulfils the aspiration for order and harmony among the different parts and the whole. At the same time, the book glows with much moral beauty. We see the figure of Desdemona in a love situation which is not affected even in the worst of events.A sense of incompleteness in the play gives way to innumerable cases of men at odds with one another. some(prenominal) parts exist in the play which create the wholeness albeit with some incompleteness. lago appears universal, because he represents many things at a single instance. His style and temper make him become the villain of the melodrama. He

Critical analysis Coy Mistress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical analysis Coy sporting lady - Essay ExampleWhile there is an element of truth to this argument, it is also true that poets like antic Donne and Andrew Marvell can hardly be limited to these concerns (Donne 98). In Marvells poem, To his Coy Mistress, while the cashier constantly objectifies his fan, the poem also offers an insight into the mind of a man and the manner in which he expresses his love. The male narrator talks active the feats that he intends to achieve for the fulfillment of his relish. Characterized by temporal and spacial grandeur, the narrators intentions defy logic and human power .I would Love you ten geezerhood before the Flood, And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews. My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires, and more slow (Marvell) These comments make by the narrator makes one wonder whether the narrators reasons for wooing the lady (Marvell) are those of love, or lust. Can the two of these emotions co-exist or are they independent of each other, seems to be the question that seems to be foremost on Marvells mind. Contemporary psychology seems to say that both cases are possibilities. While love and lust are emotions that may find expression together, the possibility of them existing separately are also evenly true (Barry). In the poetry of Marvell, both these possibilities are accommodated. The speaker in the poem, while talking about the eternal love that he bears for the lady that he talks of, also reminds her of the immediacy of his needs. Marvells poetry sees an integration of the emotions of love and lust through the integration of the motifs of eternal love and carpe diem- these words of Horace are usually translated as seize the day(). The character in the poem attempts to convince the lady to enter into a sexual union with him at the same time by referring to her worthiness to be loved for infinity he also seems to be making a reference to the truth of his love. However, it would not be amiss(p) for one to conclude that the foremost concern of the narrator of the poem seems to be to trick the woman that he is talking about, so as to fulfill his sexual desire. This satiation, which is at the top of the mans cite of priorities, can be seen in the latter half of the poem, where he talks of the worms that would invade the long uphold virginity of the woman, even if she were to guard it religiously, in a desperate attempt to persuade her of the futility of her holiness and chastity. This gets reflected in the anxious images that are used to represent the love of the lover. A psychoanalytic reading of the poem would make it unfastened how words such as amorous birds of prey figure in the course of things in Marvells poem. This would be a representation of the speakers state of mind through which his desire to figuratively devour his lover is shown. This is very much a representation of the carnal male desire towards his lover that the speaker lets slip . Throughout this poem, during which the speaker tries to persuade his lover to enter into a sexual union with him, he plays on the aspirations that characterize women and what they desire of a partner. This, psychologists argue is a result of an inbuilt defense mechanics that helps women target those males that they feel are likely to help them raise their children and not just enter into a relationship for the

Managing Communications in the Garden Company Assignment

Managing intercourses in the Garden confederation - Assignment ExampleThe Garden Company necessarily to upgrade its communication processes as surface as its information and knowledge collection strategies. This disregard be done through the systematic evaluation of its key strengths and weaknesses. Basically, this paper has based the management of communications, knowledge, as well as information about the centre of focus being landscaping/gardening business. The Garden Company is the business title in this case.A number of finishs are needed in the organization in order to achieve long-term growth and profitability. These findings should start with the need to enhance the communication processes in the organization. Communication processes should be able to use a number of strategies that can help to achieve the long-term goals at bottom a short period of time. Furthermore, the goal should be to achieve the long-term strategic advantage with an furiousness on innovation. C ommunication processes should be strengthened for the benefit of the employees and the customer segments of the organization. Another critical area where decision fashioning is required is that the information collection and management processes must be strengthened to ensure that customer loyalty can be attained. The organization must be able to devise a cooperative strategy for success (Gary, 2002 p. 4).The organization needs to have information regarding its critical goals and objectives. This is an important part of the decision making process. Furthermore, it needs to develop an institutional structure that can help to attain the critical goals inside a short period of time. Planning and appraisal is another key area where success can be attained by the organization. Monitoring and evaluation are helpful in decision making as it helps to ensure the success of long-term strategies. These approaches should be based on a careful sagaciousness of the external and internal envir onments.The external sources of information for the organization come by tracking the feedback obtained from the customers.

Persentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persentation - Assignment ExampleAlong with this factor Columbia is a country which is rich in natural resources but at the same time the country has manakin differences which have been running throughout the history, illegal drug cartels and differences between the political parties remain there do it a tough country to operate in. Maintaining focus on these we should be prepared with strategies to tackle such(prenominal) issues which can arise in the context of fore mentioned points. For preparing a outline that is to successfully deal and fuck up with the population, culture & class differences, political instabilities etc. in Columbia we need to understand in depth the heritage develop a thorough understanding of its culture since our workforce will be consisting of mostly local population whose mentality and thinking process will be influenced or at least affected by these factors. Managing this local workforce will be tedious task for managers relate and for this experienc e such managers should be opted who have had firsthand experience working with diverse work forces and at the same time possess counseling qualities through which he could motivate them. A diversity strategy should be formulated.

Identity-Feminist Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Identity-Feminist - Term Paper ExampleUsually, the fear of unknown if wowork force replaced men in the works they did, somehow brings about a difference mingled with sexual urges. Women empowerment is a great weapon from women to become unaffiliated from the oppression they have been from men (Kimmel, Amy & Kaler 2). With the mushrooming up of legion(predicate) sexual practice activists and governments support, women became to get empowered and achieved their dreams. In a ships company that is gender found, fleck for the rights of women to be equal to that of men is really a hard task, further something still has be done. Therefore, any person who supports the rights of women in the society is usually a feminist. In this bequest generation, with much confusion originating from the aspect gender, still there is need for the minority and the oppressed gender to be given their rightful place in the society. It is high time women came up and proved themselves, but in order to reach there, much fighting for their rights have to be done. Recent researches have shown that there exist little difference between man and woman and hence there is no need for gender variation to exist. Today, gender being a very sensitive issue due to occurrence of gender based violence in most countries careful attention has to be accorded to the empowerment of women (Kimmel, Amy & Kaler, 2). sex on the other hand is defined as the relations between women and men, and can be both tangible and perpetual. In the past, people used to confuse gender as a tern that used to refer to women and men based on their sexual characteristics, but hollering and Miller try to give it another view from which to view gender. Emphasis is usually made on gender not to be determined biologically due to sexual characteristics of women and men like in the old times, but nowadays constructed from the social perspective. familiarity being the place where gender lays means it plays a key role in i nfluencing gender. These ii authors assay very much to show the relationship between gender and the society and how the two are cerebrate too. Gender is regarded as a vital organizing principle of societies and sometimes governs the process of reproduction and production, distribution and excessively consumption. Despite this definition, most people associate gender with women. This is not the case since gender addresses issues dealing with women, relationships between women and men, their roles, control and access of resources, labour division, needs and interests. Living in such times where the true moment is not understood by many, much efforts will be needed in case of fighting for women rights. In a country constantly being struck by news concerning gender based violence, denotes the need to be more careful and sensitive while dealing with issues regarding women empowerment (Holler & Kimmel 24). From an analytical angle, Holler and Kimmel tried to not to be biased while sp eaking about gender like many people do. By introducing the feminist theory in their writing, proved to be feminists. These authors are more have-to doe with about changing the past notion in which gender was viewed and try to replace it with their current concept. It seems that these two authors were after changing peoples minds on how they handle the aspect of gender in the society plus add more concerning gender inequality (Kimmel, Amy & Kaler 20). There has always been an issue of gender inequality in many societies over the past decades. Gender inequality denotes the disparity between people because of gender. Gender systems are

Business Strategy and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy and Decision Making - assay ExampleThe practice of an effective strategic management approach helps to conserve continuous refurbishment and amplification of the organisations to proactively deal with a number of potential challenges. Moreover, it besides provides adequate support to the leaders to enhance their potentials in decision making process and improve organisations credibility within a combative melodic phrase commercialize (Hill & Jones, 2011).Emphasising the emerging appargonnt motion of strategic management processes, the study intends to focus on critically discussing different free-enterprise(a) strategic approaches that enable the organisations to maintain long-term sustainability. In this regard, the discussion of this study represents widely accepted strategic approaches of the modern organisations along with their roles and significance towards helping the leaders to improve their decision making processes. Moreover, the discussion would also incorporate real-world examples of major organisations from different business industry perspectives.In relation to the unconventional trends currently witnessed in the business environment, it has been observed that modern organisations commonly seek to develop advanced strategies and focus on the effective adoption of rational and integrated business steps with the intention to remain sustainable in their single field of operations for a long-term period. With regard to the changing scenario along with fierce competitive trend currently witnessed in todays global business environment, the notion of intended and emergent business strategies has evolved as a commonly debated issue (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985).According to the modern phenomenon of the global business environment, there are a number of strategic management approaches that are highly practiced by the organisations to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In

Compare the presentation of love within the three sonnets studied Essay Example for Free

Compare the presentation of slam within the three praises analyze EssayThe three praises that I studied were, How do I wonder thee? by Elizabeth Barret-Browning, Let me non to the marriage of true minds by William Shakespeare and Since theres no help wholeow us kiss and spokesperson by Michael Drayton. Of these three there are many differences and similarities. It is faren that at the time of writing her sonnet, Elizabeth Barret-Browning was happily espouse to Robert Browning, but without the consent of her father. They moved to Italy where she began to use the Petrachan lick of sonnet. At the time when William Shakespeare wrote he was known to get under ones skin already established himself as an actor and playwright and was working for the leading company, the Lords Chamberlains Men. In Draytons sonnet we expect that he was a contemporary of Shakespeare, this rime comes from a long sequence of sonnets c solelyed Ideas Mirror. These sonnets were all inspired by h is unrequited fill in for Anne Goodere, although he himself never married. As with Shakespeare his use of personification is extremely effective. Although their moods differ all three poets are speaking of their love for another person.Elizabeth Barret-Browning writes to her husband and as a women writing, it is written in a tender and soft nicety. Her vocabulary and style apply is incredibly dramatic. To begin with Browning presents her love to her husband in a very private and gentle way. She uses language and expressions like I love thee to the depth and breadth and h ogdoad My soul nooky reach, Browning writes from a female point of construe and wants to shoot a commitment to her husband. The ideas of love in the three sonnets differ, as Draytons love is unrequited and he is not writing in a reality, he has no one to write to.With Browning we know that she is writing to her husband and making a dedication to him. She writes in a serious yet, immensely loving form, we squeeze out severalize from reading her sonnet that her husband is her life and the love she feels for him is described as endless. We calculate that Shakespeare writes in an incredibly sure-footed manner, he is not writing to a person, as such, so his style differs from that of Browning or Drayton. Shakespeares sonnet is an explanation of love, he writes in his opinion and of how love can vanquish all. As we know that Browning is a woman, her style and tenderness differs terribly from that of Drayton and Shakespeare.Draytons intention in his sonnet is to try and win over his idol of love, Anne Goodere. His efforts are useless and in his sonnet he says he wished to make himself free, so we can see that he does not enjoy the love he feels for Anne and wishes to be free of it. The name of his sonnet being, Since theres no help, come let us kiss and part. Meaning since they can no longer resist each other, let us have one kiss and part each others company. He does achieve what hes trying to do, as when reading this I truly understood how he felt, he was trying to depart from this love.Drayton goes onto say And I am glad, yea, glad with all my heart, That thus so cleanly I myself can free. He means that now, after this kiss, he is glad, extremely glad that he can get over the possessive love he once felt for her. We can distinctly see that Brownings intentions are to make it perfectly clear to her husband and tell him exactly how she feels about him. She achieves this bright and by her use of such outrageous, yet hooking lines, detailed with words and phrases such as, death, she produces her amazing sonnet -and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death. She talks of her after life and hopes that she leave behind be allowed to spend it with him. Shakespeare intends to convince and tell every one of his thoughts on love, he is so confident that he is correct and that everyone will agree with him that he ends his sonnet with the rhyming couple t If this be misconduct and upon me provd, I never writ, nor no man ever lovd. Thus showing that if this sonnet is wrong and turn out to be then he never writ it and noone ever loved. This can also be see as Shakespeare being cocky, he is quite sure of himself and the accuracy of his sonnet that he is impulsive to make an extreme statement.The general tone of Brownings sonnet is a heart felt, true expression of her love for her husband, she counts the numerous ways of how she feels and lines such as With my lost saints, I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life Showing that she loves him with the well-nigh hefty feelings of all she has see in her life, her tears and smiles and the breaths she take each day. This differs from Shakespeare as he has a general confident manner and is stating the feelings and meanings of love. He uses personification in the lines reveres not Times fool, though reddened lips and cheeksWithin his bending sickles compass come Lo ve alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out up to now to the edge of doom. Meaning that love is not timed, it has no schedule of when to begin and cease, but reaches until the end, when death occurs. Love does not change over hours and weeks it stays constant until the brink of Judgement Day, death is it only let out. He shows how love, if true, will stay with the lovers until death. Compared to Brownings and Shakespeares general tone, Drayton does not use the powerful and heart felt tone that Browning does, neither does he state a general meaning for love, as with Shakespeare.He seems to tell a story, or rather a tale, which he longs to happen between him and the one he loves, his love is not returned. He knows this and so at the end of his sonnet he uses the rhyming couplet straightway if thou wouldst, when all have given him over. From death to life thou mightst him yet recover. This tells us that Drayton is willing to wait for his love, saying that if they ever change their mind, eh will be there waiting for them. He uses the form of a dramatic monologue and therefore does achieve a passionate sonnet. Shakespeare uses the rhyming form of abab cdcd efef gg.This enhances his poem and the rhyming couplet at the end of the sonnet changes the tone right at the end. This is effective and can give a totally varied meaning. This building gives his sonnet a flow and the language used works perfectly. We can see that his presentation of love and the way it is anatomical structured means that Shakespeare is an extremely experienced poet and writer. Browning uses Petrachan form in her sonnet and gives it the rhyming form of abbaabba cdcdcd, this is also known as an eight line section, known as the octave, followed by a six line section, known as the sestet.thither is also a break in the thought and tone of the sonnet between these two parts. With Drayton his structure shows us that he was around at the same time as Shakespeare and uses the sa me rhyming fascinate and couplet to finish. This again proves to be very effective and leaves the extra statement of the end to seal the sonnet to his love. All three of the sonnets are extremely original and all excellent. However, Browning seems to use the near powerful structure, source and form as it is written purely from her heart.All three sonnets flow very highly well and have a good structure behind them. In comparison to Shakespeare, Brownings use of structure is the most varied. It lends itself well to her meaning and rhyming such lines as I love thee to the depth and bredth and tiptop My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight Just increases the exaggeration of the rhyme, the meaning is therefore exerted and we aline ourselves wanting to reach on. Shakespeare use of rhyme in alternate lines is also effective and lends itself well to his language and style used.The words fixed and wandring are designed specially for this sonnet, as there must be ten syllables and 5 s tresses in a Shakespearian sonnet. Shakespeares use of language does not differ very much from Drayton as they were written around a particular period. Although in Draytons sonnet he is infact talk of getting rid of love and how he will feel after it has gone, he seems to want to be relieved of the feelin, Shakespeare however is talking of how great love is and how it does not alter.In comparison Brownings sonnet is the most different out of all three in her presentation of love. Her compassionate tone and kindhearted comments direct over he sonnet and seem to guide her to all correct places of describing. The effectiveness that Shakespeare, Browning and Drayton all have is one to make us all want to experience love. The three very different sonnets are similar in their presentation of love, as they all enjoy it, apart from Drayton who now wants to be free of the hold it has on him. But as we can learn from Shakespeare, Drayton may find it threatening to do so.

Old Peoples Home or Their Own Homes Essay Example for Free

Old Peoples Home or Their Own Homes turn upHealth tutorship service has become popular in our modern society. In some positive countries, the experient come to live in disused heaps home with nursing services which are part paid by the government. However, in my opinion, elderly masses should live in their own homes. Firstly, elderly people are offered better care when living at home. As a family only looks after wizard or two elderly people, other members can immediately satisfy their needs. Moreover, their children understand old peoples habits, so they can easily give the most suitable care. In contrast, in old peoples homes, there are many old people while the number of nurses is limited. Therefore, they cannot get good care instantly. Additionally, many nurses only care for the old to earn their livings, so they are probably less glowing than old peoples family.Secondly, the old usually consider family as a good purlieu motivating them to live happily. They can e njoy the cozy atmosphere when having meals with their family or playing with their grandchildren. Witnessing their childrens conquest and grandchildrens maturity always gives them a great sense of self-fulfillment. On the other hand, living in old people homes, they cannot usually meet their family. They probably feel isolated, which affects their health badly. Some people may argue that nurses specialize in giving health care to elderly people.Therefore, they can play the quality of caregivers more professionally than old peoples family. However, what old people really need is not only good care nevertheless also a happy atmosphere of family with their relatives surrounding them everyday. Therefore, family is by all odds a better place for elderly people. In general, family should be responsible for taking care of old people. By doing this, young people do not only help the old enjoy their lives but also express their respect and gratitude to their elderly

Education and Recess Essay Example for Free

Education and Recess EssaySince public schools have started open frame it has been set in place to allow students time to express their energy, become active and socialize. Although within the quondam(prenominal) years, most schools have withdraw intake from their schedules. School administrators argue that recess wastes time, causes problems and is dangerous. But it is actually a good thing for students.In most schools, the average school day is about eight hours long. During the basal school year especially, students are bursting with energy that causes their minds to wander. Recess is a great way to allow students to uprise down and expel some of their pent-up energy. Also during this time it was usually the teacher who went outside with the class. So while the kids are taking a breather the teachers can too.A growing problem in America today is obesity. Many school cafeterias have switched to a healthier menu and schools have removed snack machines, in an attempt to im prove students eating habits and weight. Meanwhile, the same school boards are removing recess from their schedules As a result, obesity rates have tripled in the past forty years.School administrators believe that recess is not needed because the students are required to take Physical Education. Although P.E. is physically active it does not experience students many options. Students are graded on their performance and participation so P.E. is not much of a relax and recoup time.In school, it is important for students to develop necessary social skills. In class, students are unable to communicate because they are busy doing their work. Recess allows students to develop relationships, experience and deal with confrontations and learn about separate people. These skills will be extremely important in almost every job. You may have notice all of the big time business men or woman, and they got that job by being a good people person. Thats because when they were kids, recess was a n every day thing.In conclusion, recess should be a thing students experience everyday. It should be something students forecast back on as adults and think of how it helped them. If schools go on with out recess for too much longer the obesity and people skills of the incoming could not be good. If I ever becomean important member of the school board you be intimate what my vote for recess is going to be. Whats yours?

United States Economy since November 2004 to November 2007 Essay Example for Free

unify States Economy since November 2004 to November 2007 EssayThe distinction of the linked States as the exclusively re principal(prenominal)ing super mightiness in the world may not entirely apply in their military force still in their economic might as well. But historically, according Bernard Baumohl, it was only during the early 1970s that the U. S rescue was open to international market following the collapse of the Bretton forest Agreement, which was intended to establish a stable extraneous exchange system. As a result, Baumohl said currentness values in the world financial market began to float freely, roundtimes moving wildly up and down (p. 240).The immediate impact of this is that the world trade grew faster than ever. Baumohl point tabu that this development resulted to the influx of cheaper foreign goods which were often of better quality and increasingly found their way into the U. S market and started to annoy serious competition for US producers (p. 240). As this was the case, Ameri lavatory companies replyed by operating more efficiently, and lower their termss part also pursuit new market overseas. Baumohl noted that since then, trade has evolved to become one of the most key forces shaping the US prudence (p.240), the United States economy soared so high that in the short traverse of time they became one of the most if not the wealthiest economy in the world. Price stability in the United States As the US economy soar high in the international arena and the purchasing power of the US dollar remains strong against the euro, the US has maintained a stable price. The OECD economic vista noted that fanfare in the US has remained with in a desirable range through the booster of the long-term household survey measures. Inflation, the OECD noted have remained well anchored, even if indexed-bond have drifted somewhat (p. 24).The obligate point out that this stability has religious serviceed limit the second-round effects from the oil price and exchange station shocks, simply it is all the more important that go on policy action validate the still serene medical prognosis (p. 24) In the OECD scotch Surveys United States 2004 article, it noted that in price stability, firmly anchored long term inflation expectations are especially important , not only to maintain public confidence in the potency of low inflation achieved over the away two decades, but also to limit the risk of a potentially self- reinforcing deflationary spiral in the face of hypothetical negative shock (p.46). Unemployment . Nazimudeen Saleem stated that unemployment in the US soared to a record high in 2004 at 5. 6% reaching over the wand of 5%. An internet article from entitled Unemployment noted that in April 2007 unemployed adult men stands at 4. 0 pct while adult women, at 3. 8 percent, Caucasians, 3. 9 Hispanic (all races, at 5. 4 percent African American, 8. 2 percent, and teenagers with the highest number of unempl oyed at 15. 3 percent. Amadeo noted that the weakest year-by-year employment was 1. 2% in 2004 indicating a prune of decline since 2006.She point out that unemployment is not worsening at all, but it indicate declining trend as unemployment was up at 4. 7% from 4. 4% in October and only slenderly up by one percent in May 2007 at 4. 5 percent. Indeed in that location is a trend of slight decline in the unemployment rate from 2004 to 2007. Healthy economical Growth In the report to congress on International Economic and Exchange rate policies in December 2006, it cited that the United States has made substantial progress in reducing the federal fiscal deficit from 3. 6 percent of gross Domestic Product in 2004 to 1.9 percent in fiscal year 2006 make Domestic Product, posting an improvement of 1. 7 percent. The report also cited that the United States economy has experient around-the-clock healthy economic maturement in 2005 up to the third prat of 2006, but during the last s hadow economic out harvest-feast slowed down up to the most recent quarter. From the first quarter of 2004, Gross house servant product or GDP stands at 3. 9% and slightly up by one percent during the second quarter of the same year at four percent. But it slowed down during the third and one-quarter quarter registering only 3.1% and 2. 6 percent respectively. However during the first quarter of 2005 GDP was up again jumping to 3. 4% but down by 1% at 3. 3% on the next quarter. The third quarter of 2005 posted a highest growth rate since the first quarter of 2004, at 4. 2 but forcefulally fell to 1. 8 percent during the last quarter. According to the report of the U. S. Economic Reco real and resurgence as of march 2007, economic analysis of the GDP for the last quarter of 2006 indicates that growth rate has accelerated from 2. 0 percent on an annual basis to 2.5 percent. The report further cited that although there were difficulties in GDP during the first, second, and third qua rter of 2006 but the economy still registered a growth rate of 3. 4 percent, which is still in line with the real growth rates in past few years. According to an article entitled United States Economy 2007, GDP growth rate was downstairs girded by the significant gains in labor productivity that despite of the damage ca utilise by hurricane Katrina it had caused only a minor impact on overall GDP, which stand in 2005.Even the soaring oil price in 2005 to 2006 had only limited impact though it threatened inflation and unemployment. The Purchasing Power conservation of parity GDP in2006 stands at $12. 98 trillion while official exchange rate GDP is $13. 22 trillion, Per Capita GDP $43,500. The graph at the bottom page of this paper shows the economic performance of the United States economy pertaining to the discussion above (see write in code 1). Healthy Balance of Payment (Export/ Import) Francisco Carrada-Bravo pointed out that the best way to use up about the rudes balance of payments statistics is to take a careful look at them for a particular period (p.110). Bravo noted that the balance of payments of the United States, and other balance of payments from any country in the world, encompasses several main placards (p. 110). Bravo explained that the value of current account is determined, at large boundary by the result of trade, service, and transfer of sub accounts. Bravo further explained that the United States shows a current account surplus, when the sale of US goods and services to the rest of the world exceeds the US acquisition of these items from other countries.How ever, the United States has a deficit in the capital account when US corporations invest abroad in excess of what foreign multinationals invest in the United States. Translating the above explanation to the US equilibrate payment, Export promotion, which is managed by the Ministry of Finance, provides subsidies in forms of affaire rate support, direct financial support, and exp ort rewards and bonuses. In a report made by OECD staff, the total number of firms of exporting goods was 238,284.Out of the total number of firms, 97% percent of that is SME or small-medium opening (p. 365). The success of this export sector is through the assistance of politics since it has assistance programs and overseas trade offices to help them their small business with market research and local assistance (p. 365). Another factor for steady acclivitous of the economy is a policy issued on November 19, 2004, which blocked state and local disposals from taxing connections that link consumers to the internet for the next triplet years (OECD, p.367). This is because the Federal government believed that e-commerce is a growth locomotive for exports and international expansion. Figure 2 of this paper (see bottom page) explains the balance of payment, which includes details on American economy that includes the year 2004, 2005, and 2006. master(prenominal) Macro economic Pol icies by the United States John Atlee in his executive summary of the Macro Economic Agenda Recovery Now and Democratic Comeback 2004 outlined macro economic policies that the US government used during the last three years.First is the Analytical Policy Focus, which features an Adopt a growth trend standard of reference for economic policy and analysis. This policy also denies economic recession instead project that the country is just experiencing a mild recession. Significant recovery is yet to begin and maintaining structurally balanced growth with unemployment below 4% should be the aim of this policy with reference fro the Full Employment and equilibrate Growth Act of 1978. Another macro economic policy, which the United States government employed during the last three years, is the Budget and Management.John Atlee noted that Bush economic policy is quite weak in its reckon, and that this budget vulnerability must be understandable to the voters as well as to the investors w ho are demanding transparency in government. This policy also instructs that deficit projections and budget should not be based on ever ever-changing and unreliable economic forecast. Furthermore it also to keep deficit close to zero, and eliminate economic forecasts, which is unreliable and ever changing.The government also used Social Security policy making it financially big(p) to effectively discredit the privatization campaign as this privatization mover promulgates falsehoods perhaps, against the capacity of the government. Taking Social Security (SS) can help finance non-SS deficits. Monetary Policy is one of the key macro economic policies of the government as this is where everything can be fluid. This policy is to recognize the creation of checkable-deposit money by bank, which finances GDP growth through eighteen to one monetary multiplier effect.The policy also aims to eradicate the pretense of interest rate control by increasing reserve requirements and direct control to the Fed. The government also used the Systematic Coordination of Monetary and Fiscal Policy over the last three years. Atlee reports that Fiscal policy is cleave from budget management as it is mainly concerned with the over all effect on the economy of the budget. In Atlees executive summary of these macro economic policies, he pointed out that the main engine of recovery is the reformed monetary policy, which is facilitated by flexible fiscal policy.Tax Policy is another very important measure that the Bush government had utilized to encourage new businesses in the form of entrepreneurial incentives to new high tech industries and small businesses. This incentive is an exemption from the undistributed profit tax and some measures to avoid unsustainable and excessive stock price increases. These policies aim to sustain the momentum of economic growth experienced by the country since 2004 to 2007. Demand Policy and Supply Side PolicyDemand policy is a government policy based on the extremity of the need of a certain sector of the government or society such as the labor sector or the energy sector. Demand policies in the labor sector is increasing the number of quality jobs Mark Rank noted that this policy antenna has assumed that the labor market by itself will generate enough jobs to meet the needs of those seeking workthat, as the supply of labor increases, the labor market will in turn respond by generating more jobs to meet the demand (p 204).Thus, Rank suggested various labor demand policies are needed in order to generate a more robust rate of job growth (p. 204) Egbert Tellegen and Maarten Wolsink pointed out that supply-side policy and demand side management require widely different abilities from the organization (p. 184) They contend that the main challenge of supply-side management is to develop and manage facilities of the highest technical quality at the lowest possible be in order to fulfill customers needs under all circumstances (p.184) . Conclusion/Summary American economy since November 2004 to November 2007 despite of ups and downs in the economic performance, yet it remained a steadily growing economy. The 2004 saw its drastic economic decline but it was able to rebound during the first quarter of 2005 to the third quarter of 2006 registering at steady GDP growth rate of three to four percent. Unemployment was also declining as more jobs hazard is created each year.In general, the United States economy are performing strong up to the recent quarter of 2007 despite of their current internal debt of about 1. 3 trillion and about ten billion dollars in external debt. They remained economically powerful despite the current depreciation of the dollar against Euro and other foreign currencies. Moreover, US economy has purchasing power of about 12. 98 trillion while official exchange rate GDP is $13. 22 trillion, Per Capita GDP $43,500, which continuously grows in the preceding year.

Travel planning Essay Example for Free

Travel planning Essay 2 flights from Belfast to Paris (Charles De Gaulle) Flying with Easyjet Belfast Intl to Paris Charles de Gaulle flight 6723 Private taxi transfer from airdrome to hotel. This fabulous hotel is in the Saint Germain region which is close to the Latin Quarter. Whisky Bar, Small garden, Terrace. A distinguish and refined atmosphere in the great tradition of the Englishs clubs.The austere Haussmannian faiade gives way inside to a loosen up universe where the copper reflections of the bar mingle with the lustre of fine wood panelling and the rich lather of Chesterfield armchairs. An ideal ambiance for intimate conversations. Here as in each of the rooms, every detail contributes to domiciliate a sense of relaxation and well-being. The colonial-inspired decor of the 59 rooms and suites, including exotic hangings and wood paneling, varies depending on the cut down The rooms feature parquet floors and provide exceptional comfort and calm. An elegant footbridge connects a overwinter garden with a terrace perfect for beautiful days.On the top floor, you can admire the Pantheon chthonian the glass roof. During the evening, the Bridge Bar offers you a wide selection of cocktails and cigars in a refined atmosphere. In the Latin Quarter, the Left Banks spirit of social protest still abounds. Here, students continue to redefine the world in the classrooms of the Sorbonne, in the streets, in the bistrots, and in the intellectual fare offered in the many bookshops. Up the hill, the Pantheon holds the remains of their honored ancestors (Dumas, Balzac, Hugo ). Ten minutes by foot, the Pantheon or Notre-Dame de Paris are readily accessible.

Pachelbels Canon Essay Example for Free

Pachelbels rule EssayIn what people consider as classical medicament, there are incompatible eras of music, two in particular(a) that deserve a closer look are the baroque Period and the Classical Period. The two different styles, or eras, are truly close in what the untrained ear. Listening to the two different eras at first it was difficult hear a distinct difference between the two eras of music. In the Baroque Era music like Bachs Water Music, Handels Messiah and Pachelbels Canon are soft rhythmic elements generally with smaller ensembles of instruments, the focus on thread in the music and was generally written between 1600 and the 1750s (Differences 2011). In the Classical Era such as Haydns String Quartet, Mozarts Symphony no. 40 and Beethovens Symphony no. 5 the music is a little more chaotic and not as in tune with the some other pieces. Classical pieces also tended to be larger orchestras that focused more on the winds and brass, even though strings were still part of the group. The music is generally considered to from 1750s to the 1820s (Differences 2011). Two pieces of music that are good enough to compare from the eras is Pachelbels Canon and Beethovens Fifth Symphony.Pachelbels Canon is a very peaceful, rhythmic and melodic piece of music that is soothing to ear and is escape music, it has the power to take the attendant and transport, or escape them from where they are at. Canon has been used in advertisements as well as a wedding song, which is what is most known for this day is as a processional piece of music. Beethovens Fifth is another popular and well known piece, Beethoven uses the whole orchestra and the piece rises and lowers end-to-end the piece in its different movements. Pachelbels Canon is more of a peaceful piece this piece is more violent and chaotic.Beethoven has described the opening notes, some describe as s-s-s-L, as Fate roast on your door (Beethovens 5th). The piece is instense and from the beginning there is a sense of intensity and drama that carries throughout the piece. The two subject pieces are hard to relate to todays music other indeed Pachelbels Canon is more of a love song, or perhaps a comparison to Enya in that in melodic and peaceful. Beethovens Fifth is more of your Hard Rock, or a lash song that is intense and as a story to tell in the piece.

The Hazards of Cell Phone Use and Sound Science Essay Example for Free

The Hazards of Cell Phone Use and Sound acquirement EssayAn ecosystem pertains to the living organisms in a particular atomic number 18a of the earth along with the physical aspects of their environment. between these nonliving and living constituents, there exists a natural interchange of so-called goods and services that make up an ecosystems natural capital, and which ultimately defines the sustainability of that ecosystem. In other words, natural capital is like the natures stock of goods (like food) and services (like waste disposal) in order to sustain its living constituents (Costanza et al. 1997, p. 254).A more item example of ecosystem services are the pollination services provided for by the bees, among other insect species, which are weighty to the flowers, and thus to all organisms whose food requirements produce to do with flowering seeds, and so on. A certain take apart found that bees preferred specific flowersthat is, tubular flowers, instead of open ones so that the pollination of these kinds of flowers are through with(p) primarily by the bees.In other words, bees play an important role in the sustainability of the particular plant species posterity, as no other pollinator insect species seemed to prefer the same kind of flowers (Public Library of Science, 2006). In the ecosystem, either movement, every input and output of whatever natural constituent is accounted for, and has its consequences. All the more if there is an unnecessary or unwarranted input, such as what is going on in concordance with the advent of technology. We are literally swimming in a sea of electromagnetic beam of light brought just about by various electronic appliances, most nonable of all the portable celphone.It has been speculated that bees are go away due to the electromagnetic radiation continuously emitted by these portable phones. But again, this is mere speculation. What is certain, however, is that bees are disappearingstudies in Britain an d the Netherlands have shown that everywhere the last 25 years approximately, the bee population has been declining, and with it, those of certain flowers (University of Leeds, 2006). But the same studies are inconclusive about the cause for this decline, proposing only possible causes such as changes in the agricultural chemicals being used the representation the land is taken cared of and also climate changes.Further studies are still being undertaken to prove which is the sincere cause for this disappearance of bees, but scientists have not pinpointed celphone use as a probable reason. Therefore, the allegations against cellphones inadequacy sound science, and still have to be scientifically tested if this seeming unlikelihood is worth investigating. Certainly, we are enjoying and maximizing the advantages of having celphones. However, it is possible that harmful effects of celphone radiation do exist. A study by Danish epidemiologist and medical scientist has revealed that celphone radiation caused DNA damage among other things (Korvach, 2007).This means that it is possible to breed dysfunctional offspring. former(a) effects have been found to be linked to brain tumor development, but findings of the study were not enough to lead to this conclusion. However, we are still talking about possibilities. Every scientific observation moldiness be reproducible, or proven by a number of other scientific laboratories before it butt joint be fully accepted and established as a scientific fact. It is possible that the bees are disappearing because of increasing electromagnetic radiation in the surroundings. It is possible that some people have died of brain cancer brought about by celphone use.As of the moment, I however, believe that these possibilities are insubstantial. I do not esteem that celphones have enough radiation to cause such negative effects. For me, what is likely is that their radiation may supply to an individuals susceptibility to such dise ases. What can be done, then, as of the moment since there seems to be a lack of sound science to prove or disprove anything, as I have said earlier, is to be careful, to perhaps minimize the use of celphones and other electronics all at one time, and permit the scientists do their work.

Question Bank Essay Example for Free

irresolution Bank EssayWhat is Softwargon Development Life roll? (SDLC) (2 mks) System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is the over altogether process of developing information dusts through with(predicate) a multi-step process from investigation of initial requirements through analysis, physique, implementation and maintenance. b) Draw a draw for pure waterfall life one shot. (5 mks) pic c)Explain the incompatible physiques involved in waterfall life cycle. (8 mks) phase I Modeling Phase In this phase we view the package product as part of a larger brass or organization where the product is required. This is basically a system view where all the system elements argon created. Phase II Software Requirements offline Here we suffer a phase where the requirements are ga on that pointd. The information domain for the packet is understood. The function, behaviour, performance and interfacing of the packet are pay backd. The requirements of the software and the custom er are decided upon. Phase III Design This determines the selective information structures, the software architecture, the interface representations and the procedural (algorithmic) detail that goes into the software. Phase IV Code GenerationHere the actual programming is done to obtain the machine code it is an implementation of the design. Phase V experimenting The interrogation is a process that goes hand in hand with the production of the machine code. There are a amount of examination strategies. First unit exam is done and then integration analyzeing. important testing is to fascinate if the software is as per the analysis model whereas beta testing is to see if the software is what the customer wanted. Phase VI Installation The software is released to the customer. Phase VII fear This is the largest phase of the software life cycle.Maintenance muckle be of different types to modify the software as the requirements of the customer evolve, to remove the residual bugs in the software etc. 2)What is feasibility study? What are the contents we should claim in the feasibility account? (5 mks) A feasibility study is an initial look at an existing information bear upon system to decide how it might be computerized or improved. The contents that a feasibility report are A tilt of purpose of the system. A commentary of system scope. A list of deficiencies of the current system. A statement of user requirements.The cost and benefits of development. A conclusion and recommendations. 3)What are the purposes of data Flow diagrams, Entity-Relationship diagrams? Give an example diagram of each. (10 mks) Data Flow diagrams Data Flow diagrams are a means of representing a system at any take aim of detail with a graphic network of symbols showing data flows, data stores, data processes, and data sources/destinations. The purpose of data flow diagrams is to provide a semantic bridge between users and systems developers. The diagrams are Graphic al Eliminating thousands of words Logical representations Modeling WHAT a system does, quite a than physical models showing HOW it does it hierarchical showing systems at any level of detail and Jargonless allowing user understanding and retrospecting. pic Entity Relationship Diagram E-R Diagram is a graphical representation of the data layout of a system at a high level of abstraction. It defines data elements and their inter-relationships in the system pic 4)What is data good example? Give 5 examples for data modeling. (5 mks) Data modeling is the act of exploring data-oriented structures.Like other modeling artifacts data models can be use for a multifariousness of purposes, from high-level conceptual models to physical data models. From the point of view of an object-oriented developer, data modeling is conceptually equivalent to class modeling. With data modeling you identify entity types whereas with class modeling you identify classes. Data attributes are appoint t o entity types secure as you would assign attributes and operations to classes. Examples for data modeling include Entity-Relationship diagrams Entity-Definition reports Entity and attributes report Table definition report Relationships, inheritance, composition and aggregation. 5)What is the difference between SRS archive and design document? What are the contents we should contain in the SRS document and design document. SRS Document SRS document is a contract between the development police squad and the customer. Once the SRS document is approved by the customer, any subsequent controversies are settled by referring the SRS document. SRS document defines the customers requirements in terms of Functions, performance, external interfaces and design constraints. SRS Includes operable Non available User user interface System Design Document The purpose of a design is to describe how the enhancements leave be corporate into the existing project. It should contain samples of the finished product. This could include navigational mechanism screenshots, example reports, and component diagrams. Design Includes E-R Diagrams Data flow diagrams Data Dictionary 6)Explain all the phases involved in the implementation phase. (10 mks) Conduct system Test In this test software packages and in house programs have been installed and tested, we bring to conduct a closing system test.All software packages, custom- built programs, and many existing programs that comprise the cutting system moldiness(prenominal) be tested to ensure that they all work together This task involves analysts, proclaimers, users, and builders. Prepare regeneration proposal On successful completion of system test, we can begin preparations to place the new system into operation. development the design specifications for the new system, the system analyst will develop a detailed conversion devise. This plan will identify Database to be installed, end user training and documenta tion that needed to be developed, and a strategy for converting from the old system to the new system.The conversion plan may include one of the chase commonly used installation strategies 1)Abrupt Cut-over 2)Parallel Conversion 3)Location Conversion 4) Staged Conversion Install Databases In the previous phase we built and tested the database. To place the system into operation we need fully loaded databases. The purpose of this task is to populate the new systems databases with existing database from the old system. System builders add a primary role in this activity. Train Users Converting to a new system necessitates that system users be trained and provided with documentation that guides them through using the new system.Training can be performed one on one however group training is preferred. This task will be completed by the system analysts and involves system owners and users. Convert to New System Conversion to the new system from old system is a significant milestone. Af ter conversion, the ownership of the system officially transfers from the analysts and programmers to the end users. The analyst completes this task by carrying out the conversion plan Recall that the conversion plan includes detailed installation strategies to follow for converting from the existing to the new production information system.This task involves the system owners, users, analysts, intriguers, and builders. 7)List and explain different types of testing done during the testing phase. (10 mks) building block Involves the design of test cases that reasonedate that the internal program logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision branches and internal code flow should be validated. Unit testing involves the use of debugging engine room and testing techniques at an practise component level and is typically the responsibility of the developers, not the QA staff. IntegrationAs the system is structured, it is tested by the sy stem developer for specification compliance. Concerned with testing the system as it is integrated from its components Integration testing is normally the most expensive activity in the systems integration process Should centralise on Interface testing where the interactions between sub-systems and components are tested Property testing where system properties such as reliability, performance and usability are tested System Testing the system as a full-page to validate that it meets its specification and the objectives of its users.The testing of a complete system prior to delivery. The purpose of system testing is to identify defects that will only surface when a complete system is assembled. That is, defects that cannot be attributed to individual components or the interaction between two components. System testing includes testing of performance, security, configuration sensitivity, startup and recovery from tribulation modes. Involves test cases designed to validate that an application and its supporting hardware/software components are properly affect business data and transactions.System testing requires the use of regression testing techniques to validate that business functions are meeting defined requirements. Black Box This is testing without intimacy of the internal workings of the item being tested. For example, when black box testing is applied to software engineering, the tester would only know the legal inputs and what the expect outputs should be, but not how the program actually arrives at those outputs. It is because of this that black box testing can be considered testing with respect to the specifications, no other knowledge of the program is necessary.For this reason, the tester and the programmer can be independent of one another, avoiding programmer bias toward his own work. White Box Also known as glass box, structural, clear box and open box testing. White Box is a software testing technique whereby explicit knowledge of the int ernal workings of the item being tested are used to select the test data. Unlike Black Box testing, white box testing uses specific knowledge of programming code to examine outputs. The test is accurate only if the tester knows what the program is supposed to do.He or she can then see if the program diverges from its intended goal. White box testing does not account for errors caused by omission, and all visible code must also be readable. 8)List and explain all the phases involved in the construction phase. (10 mks) Build and Test Networks In many cases new or intensify applications are built around existing networks. If so there is no problem. However if the new application calls for new or modified networks they must normally be implemented before building and testing databases and writing or installing computer programs that will use those networks. This phase involves analysts, designers and builders A network designer and network administrator assume the primary responsibil ity for completing this task. Build and Test Databases This task must immediately precede other programming activities because databases are the resource shared by the computer programs to be written. If new or modified databases are required for the new system, we can now build and test those databases. This task involves system users, analysts, designers, and builders. The same system specialist that designed the database will assume the primary responsibility in completing this taskInstall and Test New Software Packages Some systems solutions may have required the purchase or lease of software packages. If so, once networks and databases for the new system have been built, we can install and test the new software. This activity typically involves systems analysts, Designers, builders, vendors and consultants. Write and Test New Programs In this phase we are ready to develop any programs for the new system. Prototype programs are frequently constructed in the design phase. H owever, these prototypes are rarely fully functional or incomplete.This task involves the system analysts, designers and builders. 9)What is data conversion? why is it necessary? Data Conversion is the changing of the data structure to accommodate new or different needs for the data. Different operating systems have different application software, and each application normally has its own internal way of saving data. There are some standards such as CSV files for databases and RTF files for word processing text, however, these are few and far between and often only save the basic information rather than the full structure. 10)What is change management?Computer based systems are dynamic. As the business Environment changes, there is a need of some changes to the information system. The changes occur not only during the study, design, and development phases of the life cycle of the system. In this process there are two elements that are essential to the management of change. The perf ormance reexamination board, which can make managementlevel decisions about system modifications. Baseline documentation, which can be referred to, to determine the extent and impact of proposed modifications. 11)What is user bankers credence testing?Explain different testings in user acceptance testing. Why is it necessary? User Acceptance Testing is a phase of software development in which the software is tested in the real world by the intended audience. Different testings are Alpha Testing Alpha testing is the software prototype stage when the software is first able to run. It will not have all the intended functionality, but it will have core functions and will be able to accept inputs and generate outputs. An alpha test usually takes place in the developers offices on a separate system. Beta TestingThe beta phase of software design exposes a new product, which has just emerged from in-house (alpha) testing, to a large number of real people, real hardware, and real usage. B eta testing is not a method of getting free software long-term, because the software expires shortly after the testing period. User acceptance testing is used to know if the system is working or not (both clients in-house) 12)What are functional and non-functional requirements? Functional How the system should react to the particular inputs How the system should behave to the particular situations What the system should not doNon functional Constraints on the services or functions Time constraints Constraints on the development process 13)Explain the steps involved in the prototyping 1. Define the goal and purpose of the prototyping. 2. Make plans for iterations (number, range) and evaluations (dates). 3. Transform the conceptual design to a first adumbrate of the user interface and a first synopsis for the users information. 4. Design the paper prototype. 5. Let domain experts review the paper prototype regarding completeness and correctness. 6. Test the prototypes usabilit y.

My Greatest Acheivements Essay Example for Free

My Greatest Acheivements EssayWhen I got the call from the volunteer services office a a few(prenominal) days after my interview saying I had been chosen as a volunteer, I was ecstatic. acquire the opportunity to volunteer in a hospital and directly aid doctors and nurses over an entire spend was an honor and I learned many things about a doctor and nurses job from it. My second sterling(prenominal) achievement is starting a book blog, cabalistic Gems to help self-published authors market their books.I started my blog Hidden Gems in August 2012, with the hope of reviewing books for self published authors and getting word out about their books. suddenly after setting up my blog and spreading news about the self-published books I got 1000 views in one month. With the high growth of viewers and followers on my blog, I got emails from authors from Australia and publishing houses to review their books.I still try to help self-published authors out and review their books and adv ertise for them because many of them try to make a living off their books. Helping these published authors is one of my greatest achievements and through this blog Ive been adequate to(p) to meet other book fanatics like me and hold proper discussions about each book we read. I will continue to write on this blog as long as I keep and help these self published authors. written by kchandwani21

Pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy EssayThis is funny to admit at this stage of my pre- adaptation year, but I do not fully understand the design of a druggist. Those of you who read my blogs may be thought process why? Surely after four years at university and four months of pre-registration prepargondness I should understand the role of the pill pusher. But the truth is I dont, and heres why. Throughout my pharmacy distributor point I gathered experience in four sectors that pharmacists buns work in which included academia, infirmary, federation and the industrial sector. My first experience was in academia and I could understand the role of a pharmacist here.Being a registered pharmacist in this sector is not necessary. This is because an academic c areer does not unavoidably involve the practise of pharmacy. However specific areas e. g. pharmacy law and morals and pharmaceutics, may require registration and a more clinical focus. In general, teaching is a part of the pharmacy code of et hics under section 7 Take Responsibility For Your Working Practices with 7. 3 stating Contribute to the development, education and training of colleagues and students, and share your knowledge, skills and expertise.The academic sector for a pharmacists career therefore makes consciousness and the day-to-day role can be described as that similar to any opposite academic. The side by side(p) area in which I worked was community. Primarily the pharmacists role here is to ensure the ingrained services stated by the PSNC are being delivered. From my understanding, this is what go unders the pharmacists role in community. The fix of community pharmacies will dictate what additionally services are available and the pharmacists may or may not have to adapt to these roles e. g. flu vaccination, smoking cessation.The role of a community pharmacist can be very clear cut. In my opinion, the role could be expanded to increase collaboration with superior general Practitioners and Commission ing Groups and I feel there are areas where community pharmacists can have more of an impact. As a pre-registration student, I look at the future of community pharmacy with great interest regarding the electric potential roles of pharmacists. During my third year I obtained some infirmary experience. The main motivation in my application for the hospital pre-registration was to discover the role of a clinical pharmacist.I remember how surprised I was when I compared the clinical check of community pharmacist to that of a hospital pharmacist a subject a mate blogger has been discussing. In hospital the role of the pharmacist varies greatly and it is here where I get lost. There are clinical pharmacists who spend their time at a ward based level working in spite of appearance multi-disciplinary team. There are medicines information pharmacists who spend time researching and finding answers to medicine related queries. There are pharmacists who work in the production unit managing and ensuring products are of satisfactory quality.There are pharmacists who work in clinical trials, mental health, risk management, teaching, information technology, service managers The list seems endless. It is here where I struggle to define the role of a hospital pharmacist because with the variety of the jobs comes different skill sets and therefore a hospital pharmacist becomes indefinable. Clinically (which is the area Im interested in), hospital pharmacy has expanded greatly developing roles for prescribers and consultant pharmacists. But these roles are few and far between depending on funding, need, and all crystalise of other complications/variables.With the observations and knowledge I have so far, I feel the role of hospital pharmacist has no set definition and there can be future innovative roles for pharmacists in this sector. A conference and placement in intentness was my final experience before my pre-registration year. Shadowing pharmacists within industry was interesting however there is no set definition of an industrial pharmacist. This is because apart from being a Qualified Person, being a pharmacist in industry has, in my opinion, no benefits to that of any other scientists.Pharmacy does however cover the whole of a medicines journey (from medicinal chemistry right up to issues surrounding patient compliance) and pharmacists in industry will have that awareness that could be used to their advantage. To conclude, I have discussed my opinions and thoughts regarding the role of a pharmacist in various sectors. I have not mentioned the role of a pharmacist in the primary care setting or within media or politics. However, hopefully I have demonstrated that, in my opinion, the role of the pharmacist cannot be defined because it varies massively.

Taguchi Definition Quality

Taguchi exposition QualityTAGUCHIS DEFINITION OF QUALITYThe old traditional definition of quality states quality is conformance to specifications. This definition was expanded by Joseph M. Juran (1904-) in 1974 and then by the Ameri substructure Society for Quality Control (ASQC) in 1983. Juran observed that quality is fitness for use. The ASQC defined quality as the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs.Taguchi presented a nonher definition of quality. His definition accent the going awayes associated with a product..It must be kept in mind here that social club embr crude oils ii the manufacturer and the customer. going associated with place variability includes, for example, energy and time (problem fixing), and money (replacement cost of parts). detrimentes associated with de permiterious side beliefs could be grocery sh atomic consequence 18s for the manufacturer and/or the physical effect s, such as of the do drugs thalidomide, for the consumer.TAGUCHIS LOSS FUNCTIONTaguchis quality philosophy strongly emphasizes passinges or costs. W. H. Moore asserted that this is an enlightened surgeryion that embodies leash important premises for every product quality characteristic there is a objective lens prize which results in the meekest loss deviations from sign value always results in increased loss to society and loss should be measured in monetary units (dollars, pesos, francs, etc.). depicts Taguchis typically loss forge. The figure also contrasts Taguchis function with the traditional view that states there ar no losses if specifications argon met. It john be gainn that small deviations from the behind value result in small losses. These losses, however, increase in a nonlinear direction as deviations from the site value increase.Where L(Y) is the expected loss associated with the specific value of Y.Essentially, this equation states that the loss is prop ortional to the square of the deviation of the measured value, Y, from the stigma value, T. This implies that any deviation from the target ( base on customers desires and needs) volition mitigate customer satisfaction. This is in contrast to the traditional definition of quality that states that quality is conformance to specifications. It should be acknowledge that the constant k basis be intractable if the value of L(Y) associated with whatever Y value are both known. Of course, under many circumstances a quadratic function is only an approximation.Since Taguchis loss function is presented in monetary terms, it provides a common language for all the departments or components at bottom a company. Finally, the loss function undersurface be employ to define help measures of a quality characteristic of a product or service. This property of Taguchis loss function give be taken up in the next section. But to anticipate the discussion of this property, Taguchis quadratic f unction can be converted toThis can be accomplished by assuming Y has about probability distri merelyion with mean, a and form o.2 This second mathematical expression states that average or expected loss is due either to process variate or to being off target (called bias), or both.TAGUCHI, ROBUST DESIGN, AND THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTSTaguchi asserted that the maturement of his method actings of experimental use started in Japan about 1948. These methods were then refined over the next several(prenominal) decades. They were introduced in the United States around 1980. Although, Taguchis approach was built on traditional concepts of creation of experiments (DOE), such as factorial and fractional factorial designs and immaterial wanders, he created and promoted some new DOE techniques such as augur-to- to-do dimensions, robust designs, and line and tolerance designs. Some experts in the field have shown that some of these techniques, particularly signal-to-noise ratios, are not optimal under certain conditions. Nonetheless, Taguchis ideas concerning robust design and the design of experiments allow for now be discussed.DOE is a body of statistical techniques for the effective and efficient collection of entropy for a figure of purposes. two significant ones are the investigation of research hypotheses and the accurate determination of the relation effects of the many different factors that influence the quality of a product or process. DOE can be employed in both the product design anatomy and production phase.A pivotal component of quality is a products ability to perform its tasks under a variety of conditions. Furthermore, the operating environmental conditions are usually beyond the control of the product designers, and, therefore robust designs are essential. Robust designs are base on the use of DOE techniques for keeping product parameter settings (e.g., temperature settings or drill hurryings), which change products to be resilient to changes and variations in working environments. .To achieve economical product quality design, Taguchi proposed common chord phases frame design, parameter design, and tolerance design. In the first phase, system design, design engineers use their practical experience, along with scientific and engineering principles, to create a viably functional design. To elaborate, system design uses current techno put downy, processes, materials, and engineering methods to define and remodel a new system. The system can be a new product or process, or an improved modification of an existing product or process. .EXAMPLES AND CONCLUSIONSAs Thomas P. Ryan has stated, Taguchi at the very least, has concentrate our attention on new objectives in achieving quality cash advance. The statistical scapes for accomplishing these objectives will likely continue to be veritable. Quality management gurus, such as W. Edwards Deming (1900-1993) and Kaoru Ishikawa (1915-), have stressed the importanc e of continuous quality improvement by concentrating on processes upstream. This is a fundamental break with the traditional practice of relying on inspection downstream. Taguchi emphasized the importance of DOE in improving the quality of the engineering design of products and processes. As previously mentioned, however, his methods are frequently statistically inefficient and cumbersome. Nonetheless, Taguchis design of experiments have been widely applied and theoretically refined and extended. Two application geeks and one refinement example will now be discussed.Taguchi methodsTaguchi methods are statistical methods work uped by Genichi Taguchi to improve the quality of manufactured goods, and more recently also applied to, engineering, biotechnology, marketing and advertising. schoolmaster statisticians have welcomed the cultivations and improvements brought about by Taguchi methods, particularly by Taguchis development of designs for conducting variation, but have critici zed the inefficiency of some of Taguchis proposals.Off-line quality controlTaguchis rule for manufacturingTaguchi realized that the best opportunity to eliminate variation is during the design of a product and its manufacturing process. Consequently, he developed a strategy for quality engineering that can be used in both contexts. The process has three stagesSystem designParameter design security deposit designSystem designThis is design at the conceptual level, involving creativity and innovation.Parameter design erst the concept is established, the nominal values of the various dimensions and design parameters need to be set, the detail design phase of conventional engineering. Taguchis radical insight was that the exact choice of values take is under-specified by the performance requirements of the system. In many circumstances, this al low-pitcheds the parameters to be elect so as to minimize the effects on performance arising from variation in manufacture, environment and cu mulative damage. This is sometimes called robustification.Tolerance designWith a successfully completed parameter design, and an understanding of the effect that the various parameters have on performance, resources can be focused on trim back and controlling variation in the critical few dimensionsTaguchi Method Design of ExperimentsThe general steps involve in the Taguchi Method are as follows1. Define the process objective, or more specifically, a target value for a performance measure of the process. This may be a flow rate, temperature, etc. The target of a process may also be a token(prenominal) or maximum for example, the goal may be to maximize the output flow rate. The deviation in the performance characteristic from the target value is used to define the loss function for the process.2. Determine the design parameters touch the process. Parameters are variables within the process that affect the performance measure such as temperatures, pressures, etc. that can be soft controlled. The public figure of levels that the parameters should be alter at must be specified. For example, a temperature might be varied to a low and high value of 40 C and 80 C. Increasing the cast of levels to interpolate a parameter at increases the depend of experiments to be conducted.3. Create orthogonal set outs for the parameter design indicating the descend of and conditions for each experiment. The selection of orthogonal arrays is based on the build of parameters and the levels of variation for each parameter, and will be expounded under.4. Conduct the experiments indicated in the completed array to collect data on the effect on the performance measure.5. Complete data analysis to determine the effect of the different parameters on the performance measure.A dilate description of the execution of these steps will be discussed next.Determining Parameter Design Orthogonal alignThe effect of many different parameters on the performance characteristic in a cond ensed set of experiments can be examined by using the orthogonal array experimental design proposed by Taguchi. Once the parameters affecting a process that can be controlled have been determined, the levels at which these parameters should be varied must be determined. Determining what levels of a variable to footrace requires an in-depth understanding of the process, including the minimum, maximum, and current value of the parameter. If the difference between the minimum and maximum value of a parameter is large, the values being tested can be come on apart or more values can be tested. If the range of a parameter is small, then less values can be tested or the values tested can be closer together. For example, if the temperature of a reactor jacket can be varied between 20 and 80 degrees C and it is known that the current operating jacket temperature is 50 degrees C, three levels might be chosen at 20, 50, and 80 degrees C. Also, the cost of conducting experiments must be cons idered when determining the number of levels of a parameter to include in the experimental design. In the previous example of jacket temperature, it would be cost prohibitive to do 60 levels at 1 degree intervals. Typically, the number of levels for all parameters in the experimental design is chosen to be the aforesaid(prenominal) to aid in the selection of the proper orthogonal array.Knowing the number of parameters and the number of levels, the proper orthogonal array can be selected. Using the array selector switch table shown down the stairs, the have of the appropriate array can be found by locutioning at the column and row corresponding to the number of parameters and number of levels. Once the name has been determined (the subscript represents the number of experiments that must be completed), the predefined array can be looked up. Links are provided to many of the predefined arrays given in the array selector table. These arrays were created using an algorithm Taguchi developed, and allows for each variable and setting to be tested equally. For example, if we have three parameters (voltage, temperature, pressure) and two levels (high, low), it can be seen the proper array is L4. Clicking on the link L4 to view the L4 array, it can be seen quadruplet-spot different experiments are given in the array. The levels designated as 1, 2, 3 etc. should be replaced in the array with the actual level values to be varied and P1, P2, P3 should be replaced with the actual parameters (i.e. voltage, temperature, etc.) adjust Selector fundamental Notes Regarding Selection + Use of Orthogonal ArraysNote 1The array selector assumes that each parameter has the same number of levels. Sometimes this is not the case. Generally, the highest value will be taken or the difference will be split.The avocation examples offer insight on choosing and properly using an orthogonal array. Examples 1 and 2 focus on array choice, while Example 3 will parade how to use an ortho gonal array in one of these situations.Example 1 Parameter A, B, C, D = 4 take aims 3, 3, 3, 2 = 3 Array L9Example 2 Parameter A, B, C, D, E, F = 6 trains 4, 5, 3, 2, 2, 2 = 3 Array special L16Example 3A reactors behavior is dependent upon impeller model, mixer speed, the control algorithm employed, and the cooling irrigate valve type. The possible values for each are as followsImpeller model A, B, or CMixer speed 300, 350, or 400 RPMControl algorithm PID, PI, or PValve type butterfly or globeThere are 4 parameters, and each one has 3 levels with the exception of valve type. The highest number of levels is 3, so we will use a value of 3 when choosing our orthogonal array.Using the array selector above, we find that the appropriate orthogonal array is L9When we replace P1, P2, P3, and P4 with our parameters and begin filling in the parameter values, we find that the L9 array includes 3 levels for valve type, while our system only has 2. The appropriate strategy is to fill in the entries for P4=3 with 1 or 2 in a stochastic, balanced way. For exampleHere, the third value was chosen double as butterfly and once as global.Note 2If the array selected based on the number of parameters and levels includes more parameters than are used in the experimental design, ignore the additional parameter columns. For example, if a process has 8 parameters with 2 levels each, the L12 array should be selected according to the array selector. As can be seen below, the L12 Array has columns for 11 parameters (P1-P11). The right 3 columns should be ignored.Analyzing observational DataOnce the experimental design has been determined and the trials have been carried out, the measured performance characteristic from each trial can be used to collapse the relative effect of the different parameters. To demonstrate the data analysis procedure, the following L9 array will be used, but the principles can be transferred to any type of array.In this array, it can be seen that any number of repeated observations (trials) may be used. Ti,j represents the different trials with i = experiment number and j = trial number. It should be noted that the Taguchi method allows for the use of a noise matrix including external factors affecting the process way out rather than repeated trials, but this is outside of the scope of this article.To determine the effect each variable has on the output, the signal-to-noise ratio, or the SN number, needs to be work out for each experiment conducted. The calculation of the SN for the first experiment in the array above is shown below for the case of a specific target value of the performance characteristic. In the equations below, yi is the mean value and si is the variance. yi is the value of the performance characteristic for a given experiment.SN_i=10logfracbary_i2s_i2 Wherebar y_i=frac 1N_isum_u=1N_iy_i,us_i2=frac 1N_i-1sum_u=1N_ileft ( y_i,u-bar y_i right )i = Experimentnumberu=TrialnumberN_i=NumberoftrialsforexperimentiFo r the case of minimizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculatedSN_i=-10logleft(sum_u=1N_ifracy_u2N_iright)For the case of maximizing the performance characteristic, the following definition of the SN ratio should be calculatedSN_i=-10logleftfrac1N_isum_u=1N_ifrac1y_u2rightAfter calculating the SN ratio for each experiment, the average SN value is calculated for each factor and level. This is done as shown below for Parameter 3 (P3) in the arraySN_ maskredP3,1=frac(S_N1+S_N6+S_N8)3,SN_color grislyP3,2=frac(S_N2+S_N4+S_N9)3,SN_colorgreenP3,3=frac(S_N3+S_N5+S_N7)3,Once these SN ratio values are calculated for each factor and level, they are tabulated as shown below and the range R (R = high SN low SN)of the SN for each parameter is calculated and entered into the table. The larger the R value for a parameter, the larger the effect the variable has on the process. This is because the same change in signal causes a larger effect on the output variable being measured.ProblemsProblem You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sales event to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil drumfishs was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the positions look the same.One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food for thought oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do?Solution Extreme multiplexing. This is standardised to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, kind of of 1000 set, let us consider 8 place for now, one of which is contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be exceedingly expensive. An separate radical is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures.Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 Sample AMix ba rrels 1,2,5,6 Sample BMix barrels 1,3,5,7 Sample CWe claim that from exam only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B. Possible Result 1 -,-,- The only barrel not coalesce in was 8, so it is contaminated. Possible Result 2 +,-,- bbl 4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel 4 was contaminated.Possible Result 3 -,+,- Barrel 6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel 6 was contaminated.We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We have the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out.Solution with 1,000 barrels Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. to each one mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2 (1000) =10.Solution with 1,000,000 barrels Experiments required = log2(1000000)=20.Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the of experiments needed, since the of experiments scales with log2( of barrels) instead of of barrels.Worked out ExampleA microprocessor company is having difficulty with its current yields. Silicon processors are made on a large die, cut into pieces, and each one is tested to match specifications. The company has requested that you strain experiments to increase processor yield. The factors that affect processor yields are temperature, pressure, doping amount, and deposition rate.a) Question Determine the Taguchi experimental design orthogonal array. The operating conditions for each parameter and level are listA Temperature A1 = 100C A2 = 150C (current) A3 = 200C B Pressure B1 = 2 pounds per square inch B2 = 5 psi (current) B3 = 8 psi C Doping Amount C1 = 4% C2 = 6% (current) C3 = 8% D Deposition investD1 = 0.1 mg/s D2 = 0.2 mg/s (current) D3 = 0.3 mg/sa) Solution The L9 orthogonal array should be used. The filled in orthogonal array should look like thisThis setup allows the testing of all four variables without having to run 81 =34=(3 Temperatures)(3 Pressures)(3 Doping Amounts)(3 Deposition rates) separate trials.b) Question Conducting three trials for each experiment, the data below was collected. Compute the SN ratio for each experiment for the target value case, create a rejoinder chart, and determine the parameters that have the highest and lowest effect on the processor yield.b) Solution Shown below is the calculation and tabulation of the SN ratio.S_m1=frac(87.3+82.3+70.7)23=19248.0,S_T1=87.32+82.32+70.72=19393.1,S_e1=S_T1-S_m1=19393.1-19248.0=145.0,V_e1=fracS_e1N-1=frac145.12=72.5,SN_1=10 log frac(1/N)(S_m1-V_e1)V_e1=10 log frac(1/3)(19248.0-145.1)145.1=19.5,Shown below is the response table. This table was created by calculating an average SN value for each factor. A sample calculation is shown for Factor B (pressure)SN_colorredB1=frac(19.5+17.6+22.2)3=19.8,SN_colorblueB2=frac(21.4+14.3+24.0)3=19.9,SN_colorgreenB3=frac(19.3+29.2+20.4)3=23.0,The effect of this factor is then calculated by determining the rangeDelta = Max Min = 23.0-19.8=3.2,It can be seen that deposition rate has the largest effect on the processor yield and that temperature has the smallest effect on the processor yield.Extreme Example Sesame Seed low-downProblem You have just produced one thousand 55 gallon drums of sesame oil for sale to your distributors. However, just before you are to ship oil, one of your employees remembers that one of the oil barrels was temporarily used to store insecticide and is almost surely contaminated. Unfortunately, all of the barrels look the same.One barrel of sesame oil sells for $1000, while each assay for insecticide in food oil costs $1200 and takes 3 days. Tests for insectide are extremely expensive. What do you do?Solution Extreme multiplexing. This is similar to using a Taguchi method but optimized for very sparse systems and specific cases. For example, instead of 1000 barrels, let us consider 8 barrels for now, one of which are contaminated. We could test each one, but that would be highly expensive. Another solution is to mix samples from each barrel and test the mixtures.Mix barrels 1,2,3,4 Sample AMix barrels 1,2,5,6 Sample BMix barrels 1,3,5,7 Sample CWe claim that from testing only these three mixtures, we can determine which of the 8 barrels was contaminated. Let us consider some possible results of these tests. We will use the following label scheme +/-,+/-,+/- in order of A, B, C. Thus, +,-,+ indicates A and C showed contamination but not B.Possible Result 1 -,-,- The only barrel not mixed in was 8, so it is contaminated.Possible Result 2 +,-,- Barrel 4 appears in A, but not in B and C. Since only A returned positive, barrel 4 was contaminated.Possible Result 3 -,+,- Barrel 6 appears in B, but not in A and C. Since only B returned positive, barrel 6 was contaminated.We can see that we have 23 = 8 possible results, each of which corresponds to a particular barrel being contaminated. We leave the rest of the cases for the reader to figure out.Solution with 1,000 barrels Mix samples from each barrel and test mixtures. Each mixture will consist of samples from a unique combination of 500 barrels. Experiments required = log2(1000)=10.Solution with 1,000,000 barrels Experiments required = log2(1000000)=20.Thus, by using extreme multiplexing, we can greatly reduce the of experiments needed, since the of experiments scales with log2( of barrels) instead of of barrels.Other Methods of Experimental DesignTwo other methods for determining experimental design are factorial design and random design. For scenarios with a small number of parameters and levels (1-3) and where each variable contributes significantly, factorial design can work headspring to determine the specific interactions between variables. However, factorial design gets increasingly complex with an increase in the number of variables. For large systems with many variables (50+) where there are few interactions between variables, random design can be used. Random design assigns each variable a state based on a invariant sample (ex 3 states = 0.33 probability) for the selected number of experiments. When used properly (in a large system), random design usually produces an experimental design that is desired. However, random design works poorly for systems with a small number of variables.To pay back a even better understanding of these three different methods, its good to get a optic of these three methods. It will illustrate the degree of efficiency for each experimental design depending on the number of variables and the number of states for each variable. The following will have the three experimental designs for the same scenario.Scenario. You have a CSTR that has fou r(4) variables and each variable has three or two states. You are to design an experiment to systematically test the effect of each of the variables in the current CSTR.Experimental Design 1 Factorial Design By looking at the variables and states, there should be a total of 54 experiments because (3impellers)(3speeds)(3controllers)(2valves)=54. Heres a list of these 54 experimentsExperimental Design 2 Taguchi Method Since you know the of states and variables, you can refer to the table above in this wiki and obtain the correct Taguchi array. It turns out to be a L9 array.With the actual variables and states, the L9 array should look like the followingExperimental Design 3 Random Design Since we do not know the number of signal recoveries we want and we dont know the probabilities of each state to happen, it will be difficult to construct a random design table. It will mostly be used for extreme large experiments. Refer to the link below to help you obtain a better grasp on the ra ndom design concept.Dr. Genichi Taguchi Dr. Taguchi built on the work of Plackett and Burman by combining statistics and engineering to achieve rapid improvements in product designs and manufacturing processes. His efforts led to a subset of screening experiments commonly referred to the Taguchi Techniques or the Taguchi Method.Major Premises of Taguchi Techniques Focus on the robustness of the product. exploit the product correctly in spite of variation in materials and processes. Design the product to be unreactive to the common cause variation that exists in the process. Quantify the effects of deviation using the Quality Loss Function The Quality Loss Function, L(y), provides both a conceptual and a quantifiable means to demonstrate the impact of deviation from target.Noise Factors Taguchi calls common cause variation the noise. Noise factors are classified into three categories Outer Noise, Inner Noise, and Between Product Noise. Taguchis approach is not to eliminate or ignor e the noise factors Taguchi techniques aim to reduce the effect or impact of the noise on the product quality.Quality Loss Function The Loss Function can help put the cost of deviation from target into perspective. The loss represents a summation of rework, repair, warranty cost plus customer dissatisfaction, bad reputation, and eventual loss of market share for the manufacturer.Signal to Noise Ratio Taguchis emphasis on minimizing deviation from target led him to develop measures of the process output that incorporate both the location of the output as well as the variation. These measures are called signal to noise ratios. The signal to noise ratio provides a measure of the impact of noise factors on performance. The larger the S/N, the more robust the product is against noise. Calculation of the S/N ratio depends on the experimental objectiveDerivation of Taguchi Matrices Taguchi matrices are derived from classical Full Factorial arrays.As with Plackett-Burman designs, Taguchi de signs are based on the assumption that interactions are not likely to be significant. Taguchi designs have been developed to study factors at two-levels, three-levels, four-levels, and even with mixed levels. The levels in Taguchi matrices have historically been reported as Level 1 and Level 2 for two-level experiments. These levels are no different than the Low (-) Level and the High (+) Level used in Full Factorial designs and by Plackett and Burman. For more than two levels, experimenters typically use Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, etc. for Taguchi designs.Types of Taguchi Designs A series of Taguchi designs for studying factors at two-levels are available. Two-level designs include the L4, L8, and L16 matrices. The L4 design studies up to 3 factors. The most popular Taguchi designs are the L8 and L16 that study up to 7 and 15 factors respectively. The L4, L8, and L16 designs are geometric designs based on the 22, 23, and 24 Full Factorial matrices respectively. They are based on th e Full Factorials so that interactions can be studied if desired. Non-geometric Taguchi designs include the L12, L20, and L24 designs that can study up to 11, 19, and 23 factors respectively. There are other two-level Taguchi Matrices, both geometric and non-geometric, designed to study even more factors, but it is rare that larger numbers of factors can be studied in a practical, feasible, or cost-effective manner.Analysis of Interactions While Taguchi views interactions as noise factors and most likely not significant, he does offer techniques to evaluate the impact of two-way interactions on responses. Taguchi provides two techniques to explore interactions in a screening experiment. The linear graph is a graphical tool that facilitates the assignment of factors and their interactions to the experimental matrix. Some experimenters find the interaction tables developed from the linear graphs to be easier to use.Three-Level Matrices* Taguchi screening designs for three levels exis t.o The L9 looks at 4 factors at 3 levels.o An L27 can be used to study up to 13 factors at 3 levels and an L81 can evaluate up to 40 factors at 3 levels.* Taguchi designs for 4 levels and 5 levels are available.Matrices with Outer Arrays