Fritz Heiders Influence Of Social Psychology - 884 Words

At the beginning of the 1900s, Social Psychology was in its infancy as psychologists studied individuals and how they thought, felt, and behaved in their social environment. Scientific methods were developed to describe, capture, and measure social relationships and their influence. Fritz Heider was such a psychologists and his work still influences social psychology and its research today. Judgement of conduct, a current study by Dr. Wong Yee Cheung, is influenced by the work of Heider. The work of Heider and Cheung are connected through underlying reasoning and hypothesis. Theorist, Fritz Heider Fritz Heider, a social psychologist of the mid-twentieth century, is attributed with the conception of social perception and casual†¦show more content†¦So while the participants are reliving their nostalgic feelings, they answer questions regarding a short scenario and their judgement of the person and event in the scenario. The participants are questioned if the person in the scenario is morally right or wrong, if they should be punished, if a one year jail term is too harsh or mild, and if the participant is able to forgive the person in the scenario for their moral misdemeanors. The questionnaire included about 10 different judgement scenarios. The questionnaire was easy to complete and easy to understand, but was rather lengthy, taking around 25 minutes to complete. The participants are informed upfront about the length of the survey so it was not a surprise, just seemed rather long. It was also obvious that the researchers planned the questionnaire well, had a variety of different moral judgement scenarios, and had spent a great deal of time developing the most appropriate questionnaire. As students of psychology, much focus is placed on the measurement and analysis of data generated by the study, but Cheung’s questionnaire provided insight into the amount of work that goes in to planning and designing the questionnaires. The outcome of the study, while still ongoing, showed that moral judgement and punishment is harder while engage in nostalgic thoughts and feelings, but forgiveness is easier. The questionnaire is interesting, worth taking, and reflecting back on if you have the time to pursue it.Show MoreRelated Explaining Human Behavior with the Attribution Theory in Fritz Heiders Book The Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships883 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we are explainig human behavior, we must speak about the Attribution theory. Fritz Heider (1958), in his book The psychology of interpersonal relations, explained that through perception we know the world around us, a world made up of things and people and different events. Researching people’s naà ¯ve, intuitive understanding of interpersonal events. He explained that these common sense inferences sometimes are biased, but nonetheless mediate interpersonal relations. He presented also in hisRead MoreChildren in Conflict to the Law12401 Words   |  50 Pageschildren who are in conflict with the law. Under R.A. 9344 a child who is 15 years of age at the time of the commission of offense are exempted from criminal liability, however the child shall be subjected to an intervention program provided by local social welfare deve lopment office who will determine appropriate programs and consultation with the client and to person having custody of the child. There are three types of delinquency: the first type is environment delinquent, they are usuallyRead MoreImpact of Rewards on Employee Performance in Banking Sector9390 Words   |  38 Pagesbranches in Lahore. The sample size will be more than hundred. Questioner technique will be used for the collection of data. For analyzing result the regression analysis will be used. Research question: 1: how do the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards influence the employee performance in banking sector? 2: To discovered banking employer’s judgment about the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that contribute to their performance. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of employee

Advertisements On The Everyday American Consumer - 915 Words

Advertisements has a huge influence on the everyday American consumer. The total amount of money spent on media advertising last year, 2015, was around one hundred and eighty-nine billion U.S. dollars. Mass corporations understand the power such ads could change the prospective of the consumer. It has been led to believe that the ads that are out for viewing main purpose is to change the way one views a topic or object. Advertisements are designed to follow the times, not led it. The main objective of ads released today are to get your attention and spark a conversation. The process of the over all advertisement is design to get your attention. The history of the origins of advertisements are a bit tricky to tackle. But it is fairly easy to point out that the ‘60s were the years that the modern concept of advertisements were born. The television show, â€Å"Mad Men†, perfectly illustrated this idea that ads could transform society as a whole. If one were to open a magazine at the time, you would find the ads were straight-forward and mostly conservatives. There was little to no creativity in such ads before many agency began investing millions to their technique. The use of photography was become the preferred median, as ads began to be seen as art. David Ogilvy, who is considered â€Å"The Father of Advertising†, was a strong believer that that the ads should change with the times. As a practitioner of advertising, I believe it is nothing more than a tool of salesmanship, whichShow MoreRelatedLksjfklfj1460 Words   |  6 PagesPharmaceutical needs have been a part of everyday human life ever since we h ave walked on this Earth. It is a need that is demanded each and every day by different people, for various medical conditions. It is incredible how the medicine today differs from the ones back then, including the way it was advertised and the process of it being made. 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International Business Strategy EVRAZ

Question: Discuss about theInternational Business Strategy for EVRAZ. Answer: Description of Companies EVRAZ is the vertically integrated steel and mining and vanadium business having operations in Russian Federation, USA, South Africa, and Italy etc[1]. It is known across the world as the top steel producer. A large amount of companys internal consumption of iron and coking coal is covered through mining operations. The company is listed at the London Stock Exchange and is willing to expand its business in Thailand by forming a joint venture with Baoshan Iron Steel Co., Ltd. The company was established in February 3, 2000[2]. They sell semi-finished products. They completed the task of asset sales of stainless steel. The companies are planning under the international strategy of Resource seeking. The purpose of new joint venture is to utilize the capacity of both the organizations in order to create better opportunities in Thailand. Thailand has better opportunities in term of resources, market, efficiency and innovation. This will provide the company with a competitive edge over th e other companies. It is a common practice followed by many international companies to utilize opportunities at developing countries due to easy availability of resources. This is necessary for a company to grow in future in order to draw multiple opportunities. Thailand It is a newly industrialized country. It is expected to grow at in the range of 3.8 to 4.3 percent. Thailand is dominated by industrial and service sector[3]. Thailand is the second largest economy in South-east Asia. It is due to the growing opportunity in trade and commerce sector. International companies are exploring multiple opportunities due to easy norms and resources provided by the country[4]. It is necessary for an organization to utilize the resources in order to manage the cost[5]. Thailand is recognized as one of the county with great development stories. The most important sub sector of industry is manufacturing as there is a huge prospective growth. The country is constantly focusing on developing SEZ for seeking more attention of foreign investors. This will not only create more opportunities not for the foreign company but for the local people also[6]. Both the companies can utilize the growing situations in terms of growing situation at Thailand. Over the last four years Thailand has seen tremendous growth in terms of social and economic development. The country has moved from a low-income country to an upper middle class country in a very less time. The government has earned growth to raise long-term growth in order to achieve a high status. Foreign direct investment is one of the important components for Thailand economy. The country provides a modern legal framework and a dynamic business environment which attract attention of many people. FDI flow in Thailand has tripled in 2015. It is due to the governments policies as enforced in order to attain economy. EVRAZ and Baoshan Iron Steel Co., Ltd have to utilize the resources available in Thailand in order to attain economy of scales[7]. The reason behind making an investment in Thailand is as follows: There is an availability of skilled labor in the country that will help in attain objectives as laid down by the company. Secondly, it is due to the strategic location at the heart of Asia that provides it with an added advantage over other South-east Asian countries. It is one of the emerging markets with a lot of potential. Thirdly the government policies are liberal and there are numerous agencies that help in making a reliable investment. The country has a total harmony with the objectives of WTO Regulations. As such there are no restrictions levied on the Country in terms of carrying out a trade activity. Moreover there are no restrictions on the manufacturing sector and on any other local requirements[8]. Weakness The major drawback of the country in terms of the foreign direct investments is as follows: Firstly there is a lack of proper infrastructure that has affected the overall growth in the country. Secondly there is a limitation on the skilled labor in Thailand. Moreover the country is currently facing problems that are caused due to political uncertainty, piracy and counterfeiting[9]. Procedures Relative to Foreign Investment There are certain types of business activities that are reserved especially for Thai nationals. Government has restricted the foreign investment in the sector in order to promote the interest of local people. Foreign investment in certain sector is restricted to 50 percent only unless permitted by the government authority. A Thai private company can be wholly owned by the wholly owned foreign companies. For those businesses that are reserved for Thai the investment allowed is only up to 49%. The board of investment provides with a permit to start a business[10]. Availability of Resources Resource seeking is the strategy used by majority of foreign countries in order to attain economy of scale. Both the companies can utilize the opportunities due to availability of resources. The logical framework is necessary to implement the utilization of the resources as one of the important strategy to make foreign investment in foreign land. Resource seeking is one of the most considered strategies used by most of the companies in order to attain sustainable results[11]. The main purpose behind investment in a developing country is in order to attain resources easily. Most of the developed countries are making an investment in the developing countries are making an investment in order to utilize resources efficiently[12]. Thailand is a country that is rich in natural resources. There is deposition of various mineral resources like coal, gold, lead, tungsten etc. availability of mineral resources make it suitable for the foreign companies to start there venture in Thailand. Availability of resources on the host country helps in smooth and easy function. The assets of both the companies can be equally utilized at Thailand in order to achieve target. Moreover availability of natural resources in Thailand discovered on the year 1970 has reduced the country Reliance on imported petroleum. The country has seen an annual increase in production of mine. This has reduced the dependency of Thailand for various resources on the other countries. The country's major mineral products include lignite, zinc ore, lead concentrates, tin, gypsum, and iron ore. This has considerably increased the opportunity for the foreign nations who wants to make investment in order to manufacture mineral based resources. Thailand has faced the shortage in terms of availability of skilled labors in the year 2016. According to the World Bank Thailand will be facing biggest shortage in term of skilled labor in ASEAN region. As per the research made by Dhurakij Pundit University 83.5 percent of the labor in Thailand are unskilled. This has put Thailand into the list of unskilled country. The new joint venture formed by both the companies might face an issue while looking for skilled labor. The education system in Thailand is currently facing many obstacles due to inequalities. However there are more opportunities in order to retrieve the resources in an efficient manner. It is necessary for a country to form a strategic alliance only after utilizing the available opportunities. The business polices in Thailand are very easy that makes it favorable for both the countries to make an investment. The government policies are liberal and support foreign investment made by various countries. The FDI policies are favorable that makes it easy for the foreign investor to make fruitful investment in Thailand. Challenges There are multiple challenges attached with the investment opportunity in Thailand. One of the major issues is the infrastructure. Country is facing major problems that are caused due to poor infrastructure. There are certain restrictions on the trade facilities made by the government in order to secure the local interest. Availability of skilled labor is an issue. The company needs to appoint skilled employees from the foreign country. This will however create a burden on the company in terms of cost. The cost of employment will increase in near future in terms of hiring skilled labor. Conclusion EVRAZ and Baoshan Iron Steel Co., Ltd. Needs to make strategic necessity in order to implement foreign strategy in term of establishment of a joint venture in Thailand. The report provides with information related to the strategic policies of resource seeking while considering expansion. Thailand has multifold growing opportunities as it has developed many resources in recent times. Both the companies can take advantage from the growing opportunity in Thailand. Although the country has an issue with the availability of skilled labors but it should explore the other resources in order to attain results. It is due to the governments policies and the various FDI policies the new joint venture can attain better result. This report encompasses all the relevant strategic policies as necessary in order to make investment in Thailand. However it is necessary for a foreign company to consider all the relevant points while implementing the policies in a foreign country. Resource seeking is ad vantageous where a company is believed to attain efficient results through its foreign policies. Bibliography Our business, [WEBSITE], 2017, https://www.evraz.com/ (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Baoshan Iron Steel Co., Ltd., [WEBSITE], 2017, https://www.baosteel.com/group_en/contents/2898/40043.html (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Overview, [WEBSITE], 2016, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/thailand/overview (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Thailand Economic Outlook, [WEBSITE], and 2017,https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/Thailand (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Thailand faces greatest shortage of skilled labor in Asean: World Bank, [WEBSITE], 2016, https://www.nationmultimedia.com/news/national/aec/30278222 (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Suttinee Yuvejwattana, Thai Economy Expanded More Than Expected in Second Quarter, [WEBSITE], 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/thailand-s-economy-expanded-more-than-expected-in-second-quarter (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Economics, [WEBSITE], 2017, https://www.thailand-business-news.com/top-news/economics (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Thailand: Economy, [WEBSITE], 2017, https://www.adb.org/countries/thailand/economy (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Thailand Economic Structure, [WEBSITE], 2010 https://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/thailand/structure-of-economy.html (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Everything you need to know about the Thai economy, [WEBSITE], 2016, https://www.businessinsider.in/Everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-Thai-economy/articleshow/55880178.cms (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Doing Business in Thailand, [WEBSITE], 2017, https://asialinkbusiness.com.au/country/thailand (Accessed on: 13 February 2017) Doing Business in Thailand, [WEBSITE], 2014, https://www.thaiembassy.ca/en/doing-business-thailand (Accessed on: 13 February 2017)

Free Speech At Shopping Centers Essay Example For Students

Free Speech At Shopping Centers Essay Is an individuals right to freedom of speech, as granted by the First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, valid on private property, which is owned by someone else? Specifically, can an organization not associated with a shopping center use the shopping centers property to promote their cause? The U. S. Supreme Court has left the answer to this question up to the individual states. The majority of states, to date, have answered no; however, several states, most notably California and New Jersey, have answered yes. What is the basis for each States decision and how do these decisions affect the shopping center industry? Shopping Centers Organizations In order to understand how the courts decisions affect the shopping center industry, we must first understand what a shopping center is and who the organizations are. As referred to in the two most notable court cases, Pruneyard v. Robins (Pruneyard) and NJ Coalition Against War in the Middle East et al. v. J. M. B. Realty Corp. et al. JMB), a shopping center is defined as one that is between 300,000 square feet and 1,000,000 square feet in size and includes at least one large, over 100,000 square feet department store. During the 1990s, regional shopping centers have given way to super regional shopping centers. Super regional shopping centers are over 1,000,000 square feet in size and usually have four or more large department stores. For comparison in Arlington, Texas, The Parks at Arlington Mall and Six Flags Mall would be considered super regional malls while Festival Marketplace Mall would be considered a regional mall. The organizations that were involved in Pruneyard and JMB consisted of peaceful political activists who were protesting Zionism and the Gulf War, respectively. As far as a shopping center is concerned, anyone not associated with operating the center i. e. , employees, contractors, etc. , or retailers/merchants would be considered a potential customer or part of an organization, depending on if their reason for coming to the mall was to shop. The shopping center, of course, wants everyone to be a customer since their primary business is commercial in nature. First Amendment The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. (Amendment I, 1) While this powerful amendment has very broad implications, it also has limitations. The U. S. Supreme Court has held that the Federal Constitution and its accompanying amendments give no general right to free speech in shopping centers since the centers course of business is not state action. State actions are those actions taken by local government entities or public schools. This limitation is what forces the U. S. Supreme Court to leave the decision of free speech in shopping centers up to the individual states, their state constitutions and police powers. Evolution of Shopping Centers It has been argued, and sometimes accepted, that todays regional shopping center has taken the place of yesterdays downtown business district. From 1972 to 1992 the number of regional and super regional malls in the nation increased by roughly 800% (National Research Bureau 1). The reason for this phenomenal increase is the migration of residents from the city to the suburbs and the accompanying relocation of retail from downtown to the burbs. Shopping centers, by design, have made themselves one-stop destinations. Food, entertainment, apparel and other consumer goods are centralized in a climate-controlled environment. The downtown business district of old once afforded social and political organizations access to the masses. There is no question that the downtown streets and sidewalks were, and still are, public property. To make the distinction between a public downtown and private shopping center more confusing, it is not uncommon for a mall to have a U. S. Post Office as a rent paying merchant, or a police substation in a vacant space. Additionally, it is standard procedure to hire off-duty police officers to supplement mall security guards and even on-duty police officers, although much less frequently. Another blurring of the distinction between public and private property is when a private mall developer uses some public funds to construct the mall or its infrastructure. State courts, so far, have ruled that the use of public funds does not convert a private mall into public property. (Mall of America, 1). Todays shopping centers provide social and political organizations an ideal place to interact with thousands of people on a daily basis. Shopping centers spend a great deal of money to entice people to come to the mall. For example, during the two weeks preceding the grand opening of Grapevine Mills Mall in Grapevine, Texas, the owners of the shopping center spent approximately $2 million on advertising to draw an anticipated 50,000 shoppers during their opening weekend. The shopping centers have a contractual obligation to advertise the center on behalf of its merchants. Organizations, rightfully so, see the shopping center as one-stop destination. They can reach the largest amount of people in the quickest and most economical fashion by going to the mall. For example, during a non-holiday week, traffic at The Parks at Arlington Mall averaged 55,000 customers, at Six Flags Mall 32,000 and at Festival Marketplace Mall 25,000, approximately. During the Christmas Season, which runs from the day after Thanksgiving to New Years Day, traffic will usually triple and sometimes quadruple. Case Study- Pruneyard The U. S. Supreme Court case of Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, appealed from the Supreme Court of California, involved a group of high school students who were trying to peacefully solicit support for their opposition to a United Nations resolution against Zionism. On a Saturday afternoon, a particularly heavy customer traffic day for shopping centers, the students set up a table inside of Pruneyard Shopping Center, distributed pamphlets and asked mall customers to sign petitions. 19th Century Women Authors EssayHow do the decisions from these cases affect the shopping center industry? Centers that are located in a state whose constitution offers the freedom of speech more protection than the Federal Constitution (California, New Jersey, Oregon, Washington, Colorado and Massachusetts) have a slightly heavier burden to carry than those in other states. A shopping center manager must now formulate standard operating procedures that state where all demonstrations will take place, when they can be held and how they are to be held in order to minimize disruption to customers and merchants. Although the courts have given shopping centers great latitude to regulate these demonstrations, they have provided a whole new avenue of litigation. Each section of a malls standard operating procedures is questionable and, therefore, litigious. Why was one area chosen over another? How come a higher customer trafficked area couldnt be used? Why doesnt the mall allow someone to demonstrate every day and whats wrong with having two opposing groups demonstrating at the same time? Is it too burdensome to require organizations to provide insurance as a precondition to using mall property? If not, than what dollar limit of insurance is sufficient to protect the malls best interest? Answers to these questions must be applied to all demonstrations uniformly and without bias. Even when a shopping center isnt required by law to allow demonstrations, they still should have a written plan to deal with demonstrators requests. During the mid-1990s it was common practice for a malls community access policy to be as follows: no non-retail related activities on mall property. This meant no Boy or Girl Scouts and no Salvation Army. It also meant a lot of very unhappy and influential organizations. As a mall manager who had to enforce such a policy, explaining the policy in the following way soothed many people over. If the mall allows the Boy Scouts to use mall property, than it must also allow the Ku Klux Klan in or face a discrimination lawsuit by them. Rather than face a possible lawsuit, everyone would be denied the use of the mall, except for shoppers. With the proliferation of e-commerce, these access policies have been greatly eased. It is still important, however, that each mall have a standardized method of accepting and scheduling non-shopping activities within the mall. At Six Flags Mall for example, there is a community room that is available to all organizations for a nominal clean-up fee of $20. 00 per use. They use a standardized reservation form, which allocates the room on a first-come, first-served basis. The room is away from the main corridors of the mall and has its own, separate entrance. The only rules governing the room are no outside food or drink is allowed and no smoking is allowed. At Festival Marketplace Mall, there is a center court stage that is available free of charge to most performing arts organizations, school bands, dance schools, choirs, etc. There is a standardized form that applicants must fill out to book the stage. A certificate of insurance is required, or it can be waived if all participants sign a waiver and a hold harmless agreement. Each group is required to submit a sample of their performance. This sample is used to determine if the group is appropriate for the stage. Some groups have been denied use of the stage for the following reasons: too many members to fit on the stage, proposed music was too loud, or the act was not suitable for a family oriented business. Although each one of these denials are grounds for litigation, each of them has a solid, documented reason for being invoked. Future The shopping center industry must be prepared for new litigation since the realm of freedom of speech is always a slippery slope. As outlined above, requests from demonstrators are a major area for litigation. Less than twenty-five states have decided if malls must allow demonstrators access to their property, which includes the states named throughout this paper. What waits to be seen is how the remaining states will rule when the question of free speech versus property owners rights is raised. It also waits to be seen how the various courts will rule on the reasonable regulations malls can impose on demonstrators. It seems foolhardy for a court to set down a judgment about these regulations that could affect all malls in one state when each mall is different. The same guidelines usually dont work for each location. Conclusion The shopping center industry is left waiting for the next lawsuit to be filed regarding freedom of speech. The outcome of the suit will depend on the states constitution where the suit is filed. If the shopping center loses and every mall in that state is forced to allow demonstrations, I would guarantee an appeal to the U. S. Supreme Court. Will the Supreme Court hear the case? Its doubtful, based on previous court decisions. Potential new litigation to come from California, New Jersey, Washington, Oregon, Colorado and Massachusetts might raise the question of whether a shopping center needs to subsidize demonstrations on mall property. Since the insurance policy the mall requires primarily benefits the mall, shouldnt the mall pay for it and not the demonstrators? Might the mall be required to pay for other items that the demonstrators cant afford, like signs? As a certified shopping center manager with over ten years of experience and a member of the International Council of Shopping Centers, I am troubled by the rising legal costs of doing business. (Cesare 1) The general public is invited into shopping centers to spend their money on food, apparel and/or entertainment. Newspapers are not forced to print editorials, shopping centers should not be forced to allow someone access to its valuable commodity, customers, without some type of reimbursement