Explanation Of The Digestive System And Associated Diseases Biology Essay

Explanation Of The Digestive System And Associated Diseases Biology leavenDigestion is the mechanical and chemical blastdown of fast, a process required for survival. Without the potentiality to break diet down into molecules keen enough to enter the inventory stream, an electric pipe organisms energy levels would not support liveliness. In humans and animals, declination cells essential maintain a constant supply of energy for growth, repair, and reproduction. This energy is derived with ingested diet that is broken down to a usable form done with(predicate) and through digestion. The digestive placement is a contri exactlyor to the internal stableness kept up(p) for wellness and boilers suit survival (Ch. 3 Human Organization, n.d).There ar five stages of digestion that the human placement of rules goes through. Movement is the first stage it is required to, first, propel diet through the digestive organs so the pursual stages hind end legislate. Stage two is glandular secretions that be released as a response to limited stimuli. These digestive juices assist in the chemical break down of food. In stage three, digestion breaks down food to a menial enough form that will enable the molecular components to cross plasm membranes in cells, which allows stage four to take coarse. In stage four, engrossment occurs as the molecules be passed into the bodies interior, or passed throughout the remains if the molecules be uncalled-for for the health of the organism. Finally, stage five, the process of the passing of the unneeded molecules discovered in stage four. The trunk must eliminate waste and undigested food in this final stage. Each stage involves appointed organs to do specific jobs along the process of digestion (Audersirk, Audersirk, & Byers, 2008).HOMEOSTASISPicture how a fountainhead oil machine works, or a fine tuned orchestra all(prenominal) instrumentalist operative as an individual to produce one intricate melo dy. The individual run players produce one sound at bottom the melody, the percussion produce some other contributing sound, the winds, another, and so on. The chemical equilibrium of such a scenario is very mistakable to how the human body performs homeostasis. Each different organ placement of rules maintains stability within the human body by contributing its own specific function through individual organs. These functions involve coordinated responses to abnormal stimuli or situations, and consequently work together to alleviate the abnormality (Audersirk, et al., 2008).There are five main functions that are involved in human homeostasis. The tutelar skin featuring hair, nails, sweat and oil glands is known as the integumentary system. reassert and movement of the body is provided by the sizeable and skeletal systems. Survival, integration and underwrite of the human body are supported by the neuronal system, which senses stimuli and allows the body to check into i tself through thought musculoskeletal system, where the muscle-builder and bone functions mix to produce reflexes and strength, glandular system, producing chemicals for cellular stability and endocrine system, releasing hormones. length of the species relies on the reproductive organ systems, gametes such as sperm and eggs, and endocrine systems to release hormones. The overall maintenance of the body relies on several organ systems that are cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, and urinary and last, but certainly not least, the digestive system (Ch. 3 Human Organization, n.d).The digestive system keeps the specifications of the body normal, contributing to the tissue paper fluids that bathe cells with needed nutrients. Blood and tissue need to maintain a constant composition for cells to function and support the organism life. Although the endocrine and nervous system act as the composers of the hypothetical symphony that is homeostasis by arrange organ system activities, the digestive system is a key member. This organ system is important because it helps maintain levels of energy in the cells through the compactness of nutrients, fats and glucose. Those nutrients, fats and glucose provide support for other systems and their cells as well as the overall health of the being. The digestive system is a contributor to the dynamic equilibrium that homeostasis is (Ch. 3 Human Organization, n.d.).HOW THE DIGESTIVE placement INTERACT WITH OTHER electric organ SYSTEMS?The digestive system works in parallel with the kidneys and urinary (excretory system). time the digestive system collects and removes solids not digested, the excretory system filters compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine. These systems work together to control the amount of water in your body. (Dowshen M.D., 2007)The circulatory system interacts with the digestive system to distribute the absorbed vitamins and nutrients through the body. To control the speed of digest ion, the circulatory system carries chemical signals from the endocrine system (Dowshen M.D., 2007). The Endocrine system directs all the systems in the body to complete their intend functions. One way in which this occurs is through the release of hormones. Three study hormones, Gastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin, control the digestion process. Produced and released through the mucosa of the mild intestine, they travel through the heart, and arteries stern to the digestive system where they stimulate digestive juices and organ movement. Other hormones in the digestive system that regulate the appetite are Ghrelin and Peptide YY. They work on the brain to help regulate the intake of food for energy (American dietetical Association, 2008).The nervous system is also involved and supports the digestive system. Two jumpiness help control the action of the digestive system. The Extrinsic (outside) nerves line up to the digestive organs from the brain/spinal cord. Acetylcholine, which causes the muscle layers in the digestive organs to squeeze with more force increasing digestive juices and the zip of food through the digestive tract travels through these nerves. Adrenaline has the contrary effect, it relaxes the place upright and intestine, and decreases blood flow to the organs, slowing or stopping digestion (American dietetical Association, 2008).The second is the Intrinsic (inside) nerve it sterilizes up a dense lucre embedded in the walls of the o oesophagus, set up, small intestine, and colon. This nerve is triggered when the walls of the hollow organs are stretched by food. It releases some(prenominal) different substances, which will speed up or delay the movement of food and production of juices by the digestive system. (American dietary Association, 2008).A perfectly functioning digestive system relies on many different systems to reach peak performance. Without the support and contribution of these systems the digestive system would be c ompromised affecting an individuals health.ORGANS IN THE DIGESTIVE SYTEMThere are many organs in the digestive system that contribute to food digestion and the overall health of an individual. They include the oral cavity, salivary glands (Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublinqual), pharynx, epiglottis, coloured, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, orotund intestine and rectum (Audersirk, et al., 2008).The Oral Cavity (mouth) is where food begins its digestive journey. As food is taken into the mouth it is chewed into small bits and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands Paratoid, Submandibular, and Sublingual. spit fears digestion through the contribution of Amylase which is a digestive enzyme used to form sugar from starch, helping to prevent bacterial transmittals, and making it easier to swallow. As food passes from the mouth to the Pharynx, swallowing occurs which activates the Epiglottis (muscle flap) to cover the opening to a someones airway. The Epiglotti s is a director retentivity food out of areas it doesnt belong and sending it into the esophagus (food highway). The esophagus is a transit that travels from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves through the esophagus towards the stomach with the upkeep of peristalses (muscle contractions). As food moves through the esophagus mucus is released to coat the passageway and protect if from being equipment casualtyd as food travels to the stomach (Audersirk, et al, 2008).As the food reaches the Stomach it passes through the Lower Esophageal sphincter which acts as a lid to prevent stomach contents from entering the esophagus. The stomach is a muscular plant that functions to regulate the flow of food into the small intestine create smaller pieces of food through muscular contractions, and partition food through chemical processes. Gastric glands located in the stomach lining add Pepsinogen (inactive digestive enzyme), hydrochloric erosive, and mucus into the stomach cavity to aid in the digestive process. The Pepsinogen becomes Pepsin (the active enzyme) when it is introduced to the hydrochloric acid. This separation of substances prevents the stomach from eating itself. The pepsin therefore starts protein digestion while the food is within the stomach. The mixing and churning of the stomach created by peristalsis, and the digestive enzymes and substances released into the stomach produces Chyme (partially digested food and digestive secretions ( Audersirk, et al., pg. 698 2008). Chyme is the substance released at a regulated rate through the pyloric sphincter into thesmall intestine. This ingredient of digestion can occur within 2 to 6 hours (Audersirk, et al., 2008).The Small intestine is where the majority of digestion and absorption occurs. As chyme passes into the small intestine several enzymes and digestive secretions are released. The Liver contributes impertinence which is comprised of bile salts, water, other salts, and cholesterol. (Audersirk , et al., pg. 698, 2008) The salts contained within bile aid with the digestion and diffusion of fats within the chyme. The Pancreas disburses pancreatic juice (water, sodium bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes (Audersirk, et al., pg. 699, 2008) into the small intestine which lowers the acidic levels of the chyme and aids in digestion. Digestive enzymes within pancreatic juice include pancreatic Amylase (effective carbohydrate enzyme), lipases (breaks down fats, lipids), and proteases (finishes protein breakdown). at a time the useful substances contained in chyme (carbohydrates, protein, nutrients, lipids) are broken down, absorption occurs through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream, except for glycerol and fatty acids. These must travel a different absorption route. Chylomicrons (groups of fat particles and protein) travel through the lacteal into the lymphatic system and end up in a vein weedy to the heart. The leftover waste is then passed into the stupendou s intestine (Audersirk, et al., 2008).The Large gut consists of the colon (ascending, transverse, and descending), and the rectum. The main function of the large intestine is to produce vitamins incumbent for the body such as vitamin B12 and vitamin K. These vitamins are synthesized (produced chemically or biologically MSN.Encarta Dictionary, 2008) by bacteria within the large intestine and are then absorbed.This absorption triggers muscles (peristalsis) that contract the remaining waste into feces to be expelled from the body through the rectum (Audersirk, et al., 2008).THE ESOPHAGUSAll the organs in the digestive system are formed specifically for the purpose of their function. Take the esophagus for example. The esophagus main purpose is get food from the mouth to the stomach, which makes its composition critical. starting signal at the base of the pharynx, the esophagus opens through the Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) and ends at the stomach with the Lower Esophageal Sphinc ter (LES). The UES directs food into the Esophagus while the LES keeps food that has already left the esophagus and stomach acid from getting into it. Approximately 10 in length it is comprised of various muscular tissues. The upper third of the esophagus is striated muscle which is triggered by voluntary impulses. once past the upper third of the esophagus the muscles turn smooth nice the smoothest in the bottom portion of the esophagus.Smooth muscle is operated involuntarily by the nervous system. These muscles are in two layers. The outer layer of muscle fibers of the esophagus run vertically, while the inner layer of muscle fibers surrounds the esophagus in rings. These muscles are what move the food down the esophagus to the stomach. former to food entering, the esophagus remains collapsed, but as food enters it a signal is sent to the nervous system that triggers peristaltic contractions. These muscular contractions are the antecedent behind the movement of food (Rosenberg er M.D., n.d Pope, C.E., 2008).The muscular layers of the esophagus are get together to an internal mucous layer via the Areolar or sub-mucous layer. This mucous membrane covers the interior of the esophagus and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a principal(a) layer of two to three layers of cells Located within the sub-mucous layer are the mucous type esophageal glands. The mucous membrane protects the esophagus from damage and aids the movement of food toward the stomach (Coutsoukis, n.d.).The esophagus receives blood from the middle-level thyroid artery, tracheobronchial arteries, and the left gastric artery. Its venous pathways (route blood leaves the esophagus) are the ranking(a) vena cava, azygous system, and gastric veins. The structure of the esophagus and the support of the circulatory and nervous system all combine to make the esophagus a highly complex organ capable of completing its function as a highly developed transportation system (Rosenb erger M.D., n.d Pope, C.E., 2008).DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASESSeveral infirmitys and conditions can develop in the digestive system that can seriously affect an individuals overall health and quality of life. A person receives the nutrients that are necessary to sustain a rosy-cheeked body through the digestive system, which makes its straight-laced function critical to sustain life. Some of the sicknesss associated with this system develop due to a nutrient or vitamin deficiency in an individuals diet, consumption of excessive hard beverages, or conditions that arise from a lack of development prior to birth. Two of these types of diseases are preventable through proper diet and good lifestyle choices, while the third is beyond the control of an individual to influence. In an effort to illustrate the differences, a disease from each type was chosen and discussed in the following paragraphs. Hirschsprungs is a disease caused by a birth defect, while Cirrhosis is caused from the c onsumption of excessive alcoholic beverages or exposure to Hepatitis A, B, or C (Audersirk, et al., 2008).Hirschsprungs disease (HD) is a condition that humans are born with due to lack of development in the large intestine or colon. This disease usually manifests in children and causes disablement or the complete inability to have a bowel movement. This occurs because the large intestine lacks the necessary equipment to do the job. Special nerve cells in the intestine, called ganglion cells make the muscles push. (Hirschsprungs disease, n.d.).These muscular contractions push the feces into the rectum so that it can exit the body. A child born with Hirschsprungs disease doesnt have these cells in parts of their intestine. As the stool enters one of these sections it stops creating a blockage. The stool then backs up into the small intestine and can cause a serious infection known as Enterocolitis. If left untreated, it can cause the colon to lose it creating the possibility of dea th.HD is common in children with Downs syndrome. Currently, cognitive operation is the only available word and requires removing the section of diseased intestine. A colostomy bag is attached to the exterior of the body to receive bowel movements until the intestine heals. After it heals a second surgery is needed to reconnect the intestine with the anus. Children that receive the surgery can go on to lead normal lifestyles. The bodies inability to remove waste created from digestion created a life threatening situation (Hirschsprungs disease, n.d.).Cirrhosis of the liver is an example of a disease in the digestive system that is preventable. Cirrhosis is from damaged or tagred liver tissue. The scar tissue prevents the liver from functioning to its full skill of making protein, fighting infections, cleaning the blood, assistance in digesting food and storing energy. prevalent blood flow through the liver is blocked by the scar tissue. Excessive consumption of alcoholic bevera ges is the main cause for Cirrhosis. However, it can occur in humans if hepatitis A, B or C is contracted.Some causes of the disease may not be identifiable even after blood tests and an examination by a physician. It can be life threatening, but is usually treatable if detected early. People with Cirrhosis have to be exceedingly careful about medications and alcohol intake since the liver acts as a catalyst in breaking down chemicals and nutrients which may cause the liver to stop functioning completely. Regular exercise and a nutritious diet can prevent contracting the disease. Vaccinations are also available for Hepatitis A and B, but not for C (Audersirk, et al., 2008).A digestive system must be whole in order to function appropriately. A persons outflank bet for digestive health is to eat a healthy well rounded diet full of fiber, fruit, and the vitamins and nutrients necessary to promote a healthy body. Taking preventative sensible measures wont guarantee a persons health bu t it will greatly increase the odds in their favor.